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Biomedical subjects

R W Winterfield

Publications and source records attributed to R W Winterfield.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Avian pox: infection and immunity with quail, psittacine, fowl, and pigeon pox viruses.

Quail, chickens, and turkeys vaccinated with pigeon and fowl pox viruses were not protected against challenge of their immunity with quail pox virus and they developed severe cutaneous lesions of pox. When quail and chickens were vaccinated with quail pox virus and given pigeon and fowl pox challenge viruses, no protection was present. Thus, quail pox virus had no immunologic relationship to pigeon and fowl pox viruses. Psittacine pox virus applied as a vaccine in quail and chickens also failed to protect against quail pox virus challenge. However, quail, chickens, and turkeys vaccinated with quail pox virus were protected against quail pox virus challenge. An isolate of psittacine pox virus, applied as a vaccine, protected chickens against challenge with the same virus isolate and also against challenge with two other psittacine pox virus isolates, confirming a close or identical antigenic relationship with each other. When combined in a multivalent vaccine, quail, psittacine, and fowl pox viruses induced excellent protection in chickens against challenge with the three respective viruses. The presence or absence of "takes" or reactions following vaccination by the wing web route did not necessarily correlate with the presence or absence of immunity noted from challenge by feather follicle virus application. The role of quail and psittacine pox viruses as potential pathogens for poultry was discussed briefly.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Infection and immunity with a virus isolate from turkeys.

Avian pox virus was isolated from cutaneous pox lesions removed from turkey breeders that had been vaccinated three times with a commercial fowl pox vaccine. In three cross-immunization experiments with turkeys and two with chickens, the turkey pox isolate, designated NC5271, proved immunologically different from fowl, pigeon, and quail pox viruses. Significant protection against NC5271 virus infection and inducement of pox lesions was only attained when the homologous isolate was used as a vaccine. The potential need in the field for such a vaccine was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Vaccination of chickens with newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis vaccines administered singly and in combination.

The reactivity and immune response were determined in chickens following the administration of Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccines given singly and in combination. When given singly, the IB component resulted in an earlier appearance of respiratory signs than when it was combined with ND vaccine. The intensity of the respiratory reaction appeared similar in each case, however. Measured by virus-serum neutralization and from challenge with ND and IB viruses, no evidence of interference in the inducement of immunity was present with either vaccine fraction. The possible effect of vaccine titers and strain characteristics was discussed briefly.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of subtype variations in the Holland strain of infectious bronchitis virus when applied as a vaccine.

Massachusetts-type infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) designated H120, from three sources, have been evaluated as vaccines. Significant subtype variations were observed with the different vaccines based upon challenge virus infection and typical IB lesions induced where homologous and heterologous serotypes were used. In numerous cases, there was little agreement between challenge virus recovery from the respiratory tract and the presence or absence and severity of IB lesions. The study indicates that histopathological observations provide a sensitive, reliable indicator of the immune response to IB vaccination and augment the use of challenge virus isolation attempts. The data suggest that the use of the latter criterion alone was insufficient in evaluating IB immunity. The study also demonstrated that IB vaccine strains, although labeled similarly, varied in their immunogenic properties. Manipulation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and other factors should be considered when obtaining and employing vaccine strains from different sources. Complete characterization of IBV vaccine strains used commercially should be stressed together with an appropriate labeling of each.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Nephropathogenicity of infectious bronchitis virus.

Four strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were compared in chickens as to nephropathogenicity. Two of the viruses were from the United States, one was from Australia, and one from Italy. Each has been described as nephropathogenic. The Australian strain proved to be most pathogenic and was then followed by the Italian strain and, finally, the two viruses from the United States. With an increase in the age of the chickens there was an apparent decrease in pathogenic effect. All of the viruses were highly pathogenic in the respiratory tract regardless of the age of the test birds. Kidney damage, or nephritis, was detected more readily on histological study rather than by gross examination. Each of the viruses was unrelated to the others when the sera were assayed by virus neutralization. Massachusetts and Connecticut IBV vaccines gave erratic, or only, partial protection against challenge form the respective viruses which confirmed their aberrant nature. Lesions of IBV infection in the respiratory tract did not necessarily correlate with the results from challenge virus recovery attempts. One Massachusetts-type IB vaccine strain, Holland IBV, proved capable of inciting nephritis under the conditions of this study and from inoculating specific-pathogen-free chickens at 2 days of age. The lower embryo passage of this strain proved more nephropathogenic than the higher ones. Other Massachusetts-type vaccine viruses and the Connecticut-type did not induce nephritis. The nephropathogenic potential for certain vaccine strains is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparative immune response from vaccinating chickens with lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strains.

The immune response of chickens to 11 isolates of LaSota strain Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and to 7 isolates of B1 strain NDV was studied in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Most of the vaccine strains were from commercial vaccine producers. Comparison of immunogenicity were made of these vaccines; five other lentogenic NDV strains, not used commercially, were also evaluated. From the criteria of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus serum (VN) neutralizing titers, differences were observed with certain isolates within the LaSota and B1 vaccine groups. Whereas the majority of vaccine strains fell within a predictable range, some proved considerably less in their ability to engender expected titers. Two-to threefold differences in titers were observed with some of the strains compared. Two cloned LaSota NDV strains did not compare favorably, or with expected higher titers, with uncloned or conventional LaSota strain virus isolates. Similarly, certain B1 and LaSota strains passaged in chickens did not demonstrate a greater immunogenic potential over conventional, commercial vaccines of similar strain designation but not passaged in chickens. Whereas none of the NDV strains demonstrated evidence of neurotropism or lethality, postvaccination respiratory reactions were difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate in laboratory isolation units. The complexity of selecting ND vaccines for field use is discussed briefly.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease with live and inactivated Newcastle disease virus.

Chickens were vaccinated and revaccinated with inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines from 2 different sources and also with LaSota strain, live Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Both inactivated vaccines induced higher virus neutralizing (VN) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers than the LaSota virus. One of the inactivated preparations was found superior to the other by both the VN and HI tests. However, poor protection from apparent virus replication, virus shed, and transmission occurred after challenge with a velogenic NDV strain in those vaccinated with each of the inactivated vaccines. In contrast, LaSota virus, given by the eye drop route, produced excellent protection by the same criteria. In one of the groups of chickens, gross lesions of airsacculitis were seen after vaccination with an inactivated vaccine and subsequent challenge. Revaccination with inactivated vaccines did not enhance the protection of the respiratory tract but did result in an anamnestic serological response (VN and HI). In the post-challenge period, the use of tracheal swabs proved more sensitive as an indicator of virus shed than did cloacal swabs with the velogenic NDV strain used. The practical implications of observations made from the trials are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Vaccination against infectious bronchitis and the immunosuppressive effects of infectious bursal disease.

An immunosuppressive effect was demonstrated in chickens which were infected with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) early in life and prior to or shortly after vaccination with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). This effect was evident by an increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infection with IBV and reduced virus-serum neutralizing antibody levels. Chickens which were hatched from dams susceptible to infectious bursal disease (IBD) were less responsive to IBV immunization attempts, if exposed to IBDV, than were those individuals hatched from IBD immune dams. However, in some cases, chickens from IBD immune dams were also more susceptible to IBV challenge when they had been exposed to IBDV and when compared to birds unexposed to IBDV but vaccinated against IB. An effect of cyclophosphamide on the bursa of Fabricius also had an immunosuppressive action on IBV immunity which was similar to the results from IBDV exposure. The data engendered from these trials may explain the unsatisfactory immunity sometimes observed under field conditions when broilers and replacement pullets are vaccinated at an early age.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Immunization of chickens against adenovirus infection.

Chickens were vaccinated with monovalent and polyvalent adenovirus vaccines using three different serotypes, types 1, 2, and 3. No cross-protection was elicited by the heterologous serotypes but satisfactory protection from lesions and the shedding of challenge virus was induced by the homologous serotypes in the monovalent and polyvalent vaccines. The virus neutralizing (VN) titers were occasionally lower where the polyvalent vaccines were used when compared to those from chickens given the monovalent vaccines. This suggested possible interference though protection did exist against the appearance of lesions. Where chickens were vaccinated at an early age and in the presence of congenital homologous VN antibodies, protection against the effects of infection was satisfactory whereas the VN antibody titers were low or insignificant by the assay methods employed. The vaccine virus was not shed beyond 28 days after vaccination. No physical effects of vaccination were noted in any of the chickens during the post-vaccination period.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1976

Variant infectious bronchitis virus isolated from Indiana chickens.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) associated with a catarrhal tracheitis, sudden decline in egg production, and reduced shell quality was isolated from an Indiana White Leghorn breeder flock. It was found to be serologically different from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa 97, Iowa 609, Florida, Arkansas 99, JMK, Holte, Gray and SE 17 IBV serotypes. Two different Massachusetts vaccine strains protected chickens from respiratory signs but not against virus infection using the isolant for challenge in laboratory trials. The isolant was passed through a 0.22 mu. filter. It was heat (56 C), acid pH (3.0), ether and chloroform labile. In embryos it produced deaths or lesions of infectious bronchitis in one to five days after inoculation. It is suggested that this IBV isolant be designated Indiana-type.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Potential for polyvalent infectious bronchitis vaccines.

Numerous antigenic types and subtypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have been isolated and characterized from field epornitics of infectious bronchitis (IB). Thus obvious failures in obtaining the necessary protection from vaccination have been documented and they underscore the urgent need for vaccines which stimulate a broader spectrum of protection from heterologous IBV challenge than is presently obtained. If polyvalent IB vaccines are to be employed, assurance must be provided that variant IBV serotypes are not indiscriminately spread throughout the country or globe. Furthermore, possible interference, alteration, and reduction in immune response with the component antigens should be critically evaluated. Differences and comparative levels of postvaccinal respiratory signs with the different antigens, used singly and in combination, should be determined. As an alternative to polyvalent IB vaccines, certain Massachusetts-type strains, e.g., a Holland isolate IBV, at different passage levels in the authors' laboratory, have induced heterologous and homologous protection to some serotypes causing vexing field problems. Advantages are present in using a single antigenic type IB vaccine, if it is safe and effective, when compared to polyvalent vaccines. The absence of a serologic relationship to the results of immunity challenge is frequent with IBV isolates, which emphasizes that challenge results are considerably more important. In some IB problems, on a local or regional basis, autogenous vaccines may be indicated. Because of the multiplicity of IBV serotypes, however, it is doubtful that completely effective and safe IB vaccines will be forthcoming in the near future to satisfy the diverse needs of a dynamic poultry industry.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Antigenic characterization of the inclusion body hepatitis virus.

Proof that inclusion body hepatitis of chickens (IBHC) is caused by a virus (IBHV) was established in 1973. Characterization of IBHV has been conducted by employing the standard criteria for virus classification. The results have indicated that IBHV is a member of the avian adenovirus group. However, no antigenic relationship was found between IBHV and two other avian adenovirus isolates (CELO and Indiana C) as observed by hemagglutination (HA) and virus-serum neutralization tests. Another adenovirus isolate was found to be serologically different from IBHV (Tipton strain) but it incited typical IBHC in susceptible chicks. A novel antigen, detectable by the agar gel immunodiffusion test, was demonstrated in livers from chicks infected experimentally with IBHV. This antigen was able to give a specific precipitin reaction with serums from chickens previously exposed to IBHV. Repeated embryo passage of IBHV lowered its pathogenicity for susceptible chickens. Protection of chickens against IBHV challenge was obtained by vaccination with high embryo passage IBHV (Tipton strain). It was also found that subcutaneous administration of the vaccine virus induced a better immune response than the eye-drop route as observed by the virus-serum neutralization index obtained.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute copper toxicosis in the Canada goose.

Acute copper toxicosis resulted in Canada geese, Branta canadensis, following ingestion of copper sulfate at about 600mg/kg from a small man-made pond on a game farm. The lesions were those associated with copper toxicosis in other avian species. The primary pathologic change was necrosis and sloughing of the proventriculus and gizzard. A greenish discoloration of the lungs also occurred.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The oncogenic potential of some avian adenoviruses causing diseases in chickens.

The oncogenic potentials of three different strains of avian adenoviruses (the Tipton strain of the inclusion body hepatitis virus, the DPI-2, and the Indiana C viruses) were investigated in newborn hamsters. Animal inoculations were via two routes, subcutaneous and intracerebral. All three viruses proved nononcogenic for the hamsters observed over a period of 225 days. However, lesions of hepatitis similar to those of inclusion body hepatitis of chickens were seen in three hamsters inoculated with the DPI-2 virus.

Adenoviridae↗