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Communication↗
Biomedical subjects
R W Boyce
Publications and source records attributed to R W Boyce.
Physical fitness capacity and absenteeism of police officers.
Police officers (n = 514) were studied to determine the relationship between physical fitness capacity and annual absenteeism rate. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that for officers aged 34 years and younger, only 5% of the variability in absenteeism could be accounted for by age, sex, and physical fitness variables. For officers 35 years old and older, 7% of the variability was explained by these variables, and a bicycle ergometer score was a significant predictor of absenteeism. Each individual test and an overall physical fitness score were classified into five levels. ANOVAs revealed no significant differences between overall fitness levels and absenteeism. However, men 35 and over who were most fit on the bicycle ergometer test had fewer absences, and women 34 and under who were thinnest had more absences. In conclusion, at least among police officers, the extent to which physical fitness capacity can predict absenteeism is low.
Absenteeism↗
Sequential histomorphometric changes in cancellous bone from ovariohysterectomized dogs.
To evaluate potential pharmacologic agents for the prevention or treatment of the bone loss associated with ovarian insufficiency, a predictable animal model is needed. To assess the potential utility of the ovariohysterectomized dog as a model of this condition, we characterized the sequential histomorphometric changes in canine cancellous bone in response to the loss of ovarian function. A group of 25 adult beagle dogs were ovariohysterectomized and terminated at 1, 3, 6, and 10 months following surgery. Iliac biopsies were performed following double-fluorochrome labeling at the time of surgery and at termination. Static and dynamic histomorphometry was performed on undecalcified sections. By 3 months postovariohysterectomy, there was activation of cancellous bone remodeling as indicated by significant increases in mineralizing surface and bone formation rate. Increases in osteoid surface, mineralizing surface, and bone formation rate were also apparent at 1 month postovariohysterectomy, and although not statistically significant, these trends suggest the skeletal response to acute loss of ovarian function was rapid. This increase in bone remodeling was transient. By 6 months, mineralizing surface and bone formation rate were depressed below presurgical levels. In addition to a reduction in bone formation, a reduction in osteoblast function characterized by reduced labeling of osteoid and a disproportionate increase in eroded surface also occurred. By 10 months postovariohysterectomy, cancellous bone remodeling was not significantly different from presurgical levels. At no time was a significant reduction in bone volume detected. These data suggest that the changes in cancellous bone remodeling in the ovariohysterectomized dog are a series of transient phenomena.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Pharmacist-managed patient-care services and prescriptive authority in the U.S. Public Health Service.
The Indian Health Service (IHS), an agency of the US Public Health Service, instituted a broad range of clinical pharmacy services for ambulatory patients in the 1960s and early 1970s. One outgrowth of these services was that pharmacists were authorized to provide certain prescription legend drugs directly to patients without physician preauthorization. Also, pharmacists monitored patients' progress and were authorized to make therapeutic substitutions of drugs. Pharmacist prescribing privileges in these programs were defined by P & T Committee-approved protocols. Success with these programs led to expanding the pharmacist's role to include physical assessment and differential diagnosis of patients with specific diseases and to manage their care when that care consisted primarily of medications. The development and implementation of these programs and the results of a study of pharmacist prescribing within the IHS are described in this article, as is the IHS clinical pharmacy training program.
Arizona↗
NE-58095: a diphosphonate which prevents bone erosion and preserves joint architecture in experimental arthritis.
The rat adjuvant arthritis model, like human rheumatoid arthritis, is characterized by fulminating intra- and periarticular inflammation and bone lysis. This model was used to determine the effectiveness of a potent antiresorptive diphosphonate (NE-58095: monosodium [2-(3-pyridinyl) ethylidene] hydroxy diphosphonate) prophylactically in Lewis rats and therapeutically in Sprague-Dawley rats. Modified Freund's adjuvant (MFA) was injected into the tail of Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Prophylactic treatment in Lewis rats [oral (PO): 14.8 mg/kg/day); subcutaneous (SC): 0.148 mg/kg/day] was begun on the day of MFA injection. A significant reduction in paw swelling was seen as early as day 12 after MFA injection with both oral and parenteral treatment. NE-58095 produced a reduction in paw swelling of 28, 39 and 61% on days 12, 17 and 24 respectively, as compared to the saline-treated MFA control. Bone lysis in the saline-treated MFA group was 85% of total possible incidence for 6 joint regions in the hind paws and 4 regions in the front paws at day 24. This resorption was reduced by 70% in the rats administered NE-58095 PO and SC at 24 days after MFA. In the therapeutic experiments with Sprague-Dawley rats, treatment with NE-58095 (SC: 0.148 mg/kg/day) was begun on day 14 after MFA injection, at which time significant paw swelling (greater than 0.5cc) had occurred. On day 25 (12 days of treatment), paw swelling was reduced 70% by NE-58095 treatment as compared to the saline-treated MFA controls. Histologically, the architecture of the tibio-tarsal joints in the saline-treated MFA rats was affected, in contrast to the NE-58095-treated MFA rats where the architecture of the joint was preserved. This new potent diphosphonate is not an anti-inflammatory compound by any of the classical tests and is effective both orally and parenterally. The mechanism by which this diphosphonate protects joint integrity is not clear but appears to be related to its ability to block bone resorption and the consequent inhibition of the diffusion into the joint space of calcium, chemotactic factors and cytokinas released from bone matrix, resulting in a quenching of the arthritic process.
Animals↗
Teratocarcinoma of the ovary in a mare.
A 5-year-old Appaloosa mare had a history of mild intermittent abdominal discomfort and clinical signs that were suggestive of intestinal obstruction. Palpation per rectum revealed a large mass attached to the left uterine horn, with smaller masses extending dorsally and cranially and causing constriction of the rectum. At necropsy, numerous multilobulated masses were observed in the abdominal cavity and several nodules were seen in the lungs. The left ovary was large and contained both cartilage and hairlike material. Sections from all masses had similar histologic features and confirmed the tentative diagnosis of teratocarcinoma.
Animals↗
Ultrastructural development of hyperosteoidosis in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats fed high levels of dietary calcium.
To evaluate the sequential ultrastructural pathogenesis of the increase in osseous tissue and hyperosteoidosis previously demonstrated in rats administered supraphysiologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 and fed high levels of dietary calcium, young adult female rats were placed on a 2.5% calcium and 0.3% phosphorus diet, administered ethanol or 135 ng (5 units) 1,25(OH)2D3 IP daily, and killed after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days. Metaphyseal trabeculae from 1,25(OH)2D3 and placebo-treated rats were examined. Osteoblast hypertrophy characterized by increased cytoplasmic area, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prominent Golgi apparatus was evident in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats at Day 4. These osteoblasts were interpreted to be active in matrix synthesis. Widened osteoid seams were present at Day 6. Osteoblast hypertrophy and widened osteoid seams persisted through Day 10 in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats. The unmineralized bone matrix in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats contained more numerous cytoplasmic processes from adjacent osteoblasts than did control animals and loosely arranged collagen fibrils, which failed to aggregate in regions adjacent to the osteoid-mineralized bone interface as in placebo-treated rats. Osteoid seams in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats contained irregular electron-dense foci, which were often concentrated around embedded cytoplasmic processes. Osteocytic hypertrophy characterized by increased cytoplasmic area, developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and increased numbers of mitochondria was evident at Day 2 and was sustained through Day 10 in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats. Variable-sized aggregates of electron-dense deposits similar to those concentrated around osteoblast cytoplasmic processes were observed in the pericellular space and on and immediately adjacent to the plasma membranes of osteocytes and embedding osteoblasts in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats as early as Day 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Histogenesis of hyperosteoidosis in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats fed high levels of dietary calcium.
The purpose of this investigation was to determine by sequential quantitative morphometry the histogenesis of metaphyseal changes induced in rats fed high levels of dietary calcium and treated with pharmacologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3. Young adult female rats were placed on a diet containing 2.5% calcium and 0.3% phosphorus and administered either ethanol or 135 ng (5 units) 1,25(OH)2D3 in ethanol IP daily for 10 days. Rats were terminated at Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10. At Day 1 the proximal tibias from rats treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 had a dramatic increase in osteoclasts/mm total trabecular surface perimeter compared with placebo-treated rats. Osteoclast numbers decreased in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats to the levels in placebo-treated rats by Days 3 and 4 and decreased significantly below placebo-treated levels at Days 6, 8, and 10. Active resorbing surface was significantly increased at Days 1 and 2 and decreased at Days 8 and 10 in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats compared with placebo-treated rats. From Day 4 through Day 10 in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats, there was a progressive increase in osteoblasts/mm total trabecular surface perimeter, osteoid surface, active osteoid surface, and metaphyseal osteoid. Metaphyseal osteoid increased markedly at Days 8 and 10 in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats and caused a significant increase in the amount of osseous tissue in the metaphysis. Metaphyseal mineralized bone, however, was not consistently affected by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Serum calcium and phosphorus were elevated in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats at more time periods. In rats fed high levels of dietary calcium, repeated supraphysiologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 result in a net increase in metaphyseal osseous tissue, predominantly osteoid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Effect of dietary calcium on the response of bone to 1,25 (OH)2D3.
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate, by static and dynamic histomorphometry, the comparative influence of dietary calcium on the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone. Young adult female rats were fed a diet containing 0.3% phosphorus and 0.05%, 0.5%, or 1.0% calcium. Rats in each group received placebo, or 27 ng or 135 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3, intraperitoneally, for 10 days. A dramatic osteosclerosis and hyperosteoidosis characterized by an increase in metaphyseal hard tissue percentage and percentage metaphyseal osteoid, a decrease in osteoclasts per millimeter of trabecular surface perimeter and longitudinal growth, and hypertrophy of osteoblasts developed in the proximal tibial metaphysis of rats fed 1.0% calcium diet and given 135 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3 compared with placebo-treated rats fed the same diets. Similar histomorphometric changes, with the exception of increased metaphyseal hard tissue percentage, occurred in rats fed 0.5% dietary calcium and treated with 135 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3. Metaphyseal hard tissue percentage, percentage metaphyseal osteoid, and osteoclasts per millimeter of trabecular surface perimeter were not affected by treatment with 135 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3 in rats fed a 0.05% calcium diet. Serum calcium was significantly elevated in all 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats. Dietary calcium appears to modulate the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone. Only diets containing adequate dietary calcium permit exogenous pharmacologic levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 to produce a positive skeletal balance either by decreasing osteoclasis and/or increasing bone matrix synthesis.
Animals↗
The Conneulor: unbiased estimation of connectivity using physical disectors under projection.
The Euler number and the connectivity of an arbitrary object is defined, and it is illustrated why the connectivity of an n-dimensional object cannot be estimated in an (n-1)-dimensional section. The disector--principle for 3-D counting of the Euler--events is illustrated in cancellous bone. The correct handling for unbiased counting of events at artificial edges is outlined. A nomogram for predicting the precision of an estimate is provided.
Bone and Bones↗
Stochastic simulation of vertebral trabecular bone remodeling.
Bone remodeling changes bone mass, architecture, and thereby bone strength, during normal aging. These changes seem to be accelerated during the menopause. Several therapeutic agents have been used in order to delay the onset of the menopause-related changes. The effects of these agents on the remodeling process have been determined histomorphometrically in several short-term clinical studies, but data from long-term clinical studies are difficult to achieve, as are data on the influence on bone strength. The aim of this study was to develop a computer stimulation model that could assist in predicting the long-term effects of changes in the remodeling process on bone mass, trabecular thickness, and perforations. The paper presents such a stochastic model of the remodeling process in human vertebral trabecular bone. The computer model is based on histomorphometric and structural data from human studies. It is presented in terms of flow charts, and simulations performed with the model are discussed in relation to measurements on human vertebral bone samples. The results show that a menopause-related doubling of the activation frequency causes a transient, mainly reversible bone loss. If the menopause is accompanied by an increase in both activation frequency and resorption depth, then the resulting bone loss will be more pronounced and with a larger part being irreversible bone loss (perforations). The two antiresorptive agents. Etidronate and estrogen both cause a slight increase in bone mass (reducing remodeling space), and Etidronate also seems capable of preventing perforations. During fluoride therapy, an initial increase in remodeling space followed by a reduction is seen. Very few perforations are found to take place during fluoride therapy. The present model has been validated by assessing the effects of the menopause and treatment with antiresorptive or anabolic agents. It was found that the results mirrored or anabolic agents. It was found that the results mirrored very closely the results (bone mass measurements) from short-term clinical studies. It is therefore concluded that the model provides a tool for evaluating existing and new therapeutic regimens.
Aged↗
Intervention assessment in an Indian health service pharmacy.
OBJECTIVE: To document and evaluate pharmacists' interventions in a setting that has complete and immediate access to patient information. DESIGN: Descriptive report evaluating self-reported interventions made by pharmacists during the conduct of routine dispensing activities. The data collection period was from February 15 to April 1, 1994. SETTING: Ambulatory care facility offering medical and dental care to high school residents, Native Americans, and Alaska Natives in Northwestern Oregon. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intervention rate per 100 new prescriptions dispensed. Each intervention was evaluated with regard to the information used to initiate it, when during the dispensing process it was initiated, and the intervention type. Outside evaluators determined the clinical significance of the interventions, including potential adverse health consequences, the likelihood of their occurrence, and the level of medical care that would have been required to treat the problem. RESULTS: Of 2,535 orders screened, 104 interventions (4.1%) were collected; 71% of these occurred during chart screening. Pharmacists most often used the medication order itself (60.6%) to detect prescribing problems, followed by other records in the patient's chart (29.8%). Outside evaluators identified 47.1% of the 104 interventions as clinically significant. The most common adverse health consequence prevented was inadequate control of the patient's condition. Outside evaluators also found that the most common level of corrective care that would have been needed if the intervention had not occurred, was a scheduled physician office visit (59.2%). CONCLUSION: This information suggests that pharmacists who have access to patient information may intervene at higher rates and that more of their interventions may be deemed clinically significant. However, larger, double-blinded, case-controlled studies are needed to definitively draw these conclusions.
Community Pharmacy Services↗