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Biomedical subjects

R W Bennett

Publications and source records attributed to R W Bennett.

27 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1973

Rapid solid-phase radioimmunoassay for staphylococcal enterotoxin A.

A rapid solid-phase radioimmunoassay for staphylococcal enterotoxin A is described. The assay procedure requires 3 to 4 h for completion by using a competitive inhibition system in which the antibody is attached to bromacetyl cellulose particles. It is accurate to a level of 0.01 mug of enterotoxin A/ml in a variety of media such as ham, milk products, crab meat, custard, etc. No significant interference was found with any media or food product tested.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1967

Identification of a fourth staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin D.

A fourth staphylococcal enterotoxin was identified serologically with antiserum to the very crude enterotoxic products of growth of a strain which also produces enterotoxin C, and then with antiserum to the considerably purified enterotoxic antigen of a strain which produces only the new enterotoxin. The identification of this antigen as enterotoxin D was based on the following observations. It was produced by strains which do not produce enterotoxins A, B, or C; it was absent in the growth products of nonenterotoxigenic strains; when appreciably purified, it was associated with emetic activity in the cat, and its biological activity was neutralized only by antisera containing its specific antibody and not by antibodies to enterotoxins A, B, and C. Staphylococcal strain 494 (ATCC 23235) was selected as the prototype strain. The production of this enterotoxin alone and together with enterotoxin A by strains of food-poisoning origin indicates that its role in food poisoning is second in frequency only to that of enterotoxin A. The incidence of production of enterotoxins A, B, C, and D, and of unidentified cat emetic substances by strains from several source categories, is presented.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of grocery chain pharmacists' work-related behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: To measure grocery chain pharmacists' work-related behaviors to assess the impact of a Pharmaceutical Care Certificate Program (PCCP) and other future interventions intended to alter pharmacists' practice behaviors. DESIGN: This study used multidimensional work sampling (MWS), a work measurement methodology that breaks "work" into three components: activity (what was done), contact (with whom the activity was performed), and function (the purpose or objective of the activity). Pharmacists were signaled at random intervals during the workday by a random signal generator. A selection was made from a list of items in each of the three dimensions of work to form an activity-contact-function combination code that described the work-related behavior at that point in time. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Pharmacists in 15 grocery chain stores in the Indianapolis area; 20 pharmacists were enrolled in Purdue University's PCCP and 10 served as controls. Data were collected for a period of six weeks during April through June 1997 before the beginning of the PCCP program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pharmacists' work-related behaviors. RESULTS: Writing/keyboarding was the most frequently recorded activity (22%), followed by one-to-one meetings (21.6%), and drug preparation (18%). Pharmacists spent most of their time working alone (62.9%), while a smaller but still substantial proportion of time was spent interacting with patients (17.9%). The most frequently recorded purpose (i.e., function) of pharmacists' activities was drug distribution (23.9%), followed by personal time (12.4%), receiving or transferring a medication order (10.2%), and patient counseling (6.6%). Out of a possible, 1,760 activity-contact-function combinations, 10 accounted for 46.3% of all reported observations, with "Prepare drug-Self-Drug distribution" representing the most frequently recorded activity-contact-function combination (15.7%). CONCLUSION: MWS is useful in helping grocery chain management better understand how pharmacy personnel are currently being utilized. This study provides a baseline for evaluating the impact of training programs or other alterations in the practice environment on pharmacists' work-related behaviors.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmaceutical care certificate program: assessment of pharmacists' implementation into practice.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of a Pharmaceutical Care Certificate Program (PCCP) in community pharmacists. DESIGN: This study compared the effects of the PCCP over time using a repeated measures design. SETTING: Retail, independent, and managed care pharmacy. PARTICIPANTS: 36 pharmacists who participated in the PCCP. INTERVENTIONS: PCCP, which was developed to train pharmacists in (1) practice re-engineering, (2) components of pharmaceutical care, and (3) drug therapy management of disease states. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) pharmacist job functions, (2) pharmaceutical care job functions, (3) pharmaceutical care components, (4) pharmacist-perceived barriers to providing pharmaceutical care, and (5) proposed solutions for overcoming barriers. RESULTS: When comparing pharmacists at baseline and after 1 year, pharmacists after 1 year felt significantly better prepared to perform all pharmaceutical care components. CONCLUSION: Although the PCCP was successful in preparing pharmacists to perform the pharmaceutical care components covered in the program, time seems to be one of the major barriers for their actual implementation into practice. One proposed solution is the development of partnerships between pharmacists and schools of pharmacy.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visual screening with enzyme immunoassay for staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods: collaborative study.

Selected foods containing 4-10 ng each of a mixture of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin serotypes A-E were tested by 15 collaborators. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) was used with polyvalent antisera to these serotypes in a polyclonal antibody double "sandwich" configuration. Controls were free of toxin. Foods (25 g test samples) were homogenized with Tris (0.25 M, pH 8.0) and centrifuged. The food extract was filtered through cotton and mixed with sample additive. For the EIA, 200 microL aliquots of the treated extracts were added to previously washed microtiter wells coated with antibody to staphylococcal enterotoxin serotypes A-E. Wells were washed and treated with the polyvalent antisera (A-E)-enzyme conjugate, and then washed again. Substrate was added, and wells were incubated. After incubation, stop solution was added. Results were determined visually and by measuring absorbance using a microtiter plate reader. In foods containing enterotoxin, bluish-green color was developed (positive result). Test solutions with absorbances > 0.200 were considered positive; those with absorbances < or = 0.200 were negative. The method is sensitive and specific, and allows the rapid assay of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods without differentiating their serotypes. The method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Color↗