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Biomedical subjects

R W Baker

Publications and source records attributed to R W Baker.

78 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Enteric diseases of homosexual men.

Certain enteric ailments are particularly common among homosexual men. They are primarily infectious diseases and include not only such common venereal diseases as gonorrhea and syphilis but also infections not usually regarded as being sexually transmitted. Among the latter are shigellosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis. Patients' symptoms are non-specific and seldom helpful in diagnosing particular diseases. The practitioner must be prepared to identify a number of infections with similar presentations that may occur singly or together in gay men. Gonorrhea is probably the most common bacterial infection in gay men. Carriage rates as high as 50% have been reported, and extra-genital carriage is common; this necessitates culturing the urethra, rectum, and pharynx. Procaine penicillin G is the treatment of choice for most patients; spectinomycin is probably the drug of choice in penicillin-sensitive patients. In contrast to other venereal diseases, syphilis may have a characteristic protoscopic presentation. Benzathine penicillin G is the treatment of choice for most patients. Lymphogranuloma venereum causes penile lesions and inguinal lymphadenitis in heterosexual men, whereas homosexual men are more prone to proctitis. The disease may mimic Crohn's disease. Recommended treatment includes tetracycline or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Shigellosis usually presents as an acute diarrheal illness. Patients generally require only supportive treatment with fluids. Herpes simplex viral infection is difficult to diagnose and has several different presentations, including lumbosacral radiculomyelopathy. Symptomatic treatment with sitz baths, anesthetic ointment, and analgesics is recommended. Venereal warts are believed to be caused by the same virus that causes verrucous warts; they are usually found in the anal canal or around the anal orifice. They are commonly treated with 25% podophyllin solution. Parasitic infections include giardiasis, amebiasis, and pinworm infections. Metronidazole may be used in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis and amebiasis, but it is not approved for the former indication; quinacrine is approved for giardiasis. Pinworm infestation may be treated with pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole. Cure of enteric diseases in homosexual men must be documented.

Amebiasis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential actions of dopamine receptor antagonism in rats upon food intake elicited by either mercaptoacetate or exposure to a palatable high-fat diet.

Selective dopamine receptor antagonists have been shown to reduce food intake of rats under such regulatory challenge conditions as food deprivation and 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced glucoprivation, and under such palatable conditions as acute exposure to sucrose solutions. Food intake is increased following either pretreatment with the free fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, mercaptoacetate (MA), or acute exposure to a palatable high-fat source. The present study examined whether equimolar doses (50-800 nmol/kg, s.c.) of either the selective D(1) receptor antagonist, SCH23390, or the selective D(2) receptor antagonist, raclopride, would alter food intake elicited by either MA (70 mg/kg, i.p.) or acute exposure to a high-fat diet (67% ground rat chow, 33% vegetable shortening). SCH23390 significantly and dose-dependently reduced MA-induced feeding with the two higher (400 and 800 nmol/kg) doses eliminating this response after the first 2 h and the two lower (50 and 200 nmol/kg) doses preventing the occurrence of significant MA-induced feeding. Raclopride eliminated MA-induced feeding at the highest dose, and produced dose-dependent reductions at lower doses. A different pattern of dopamine antagonist effects emerged for high-fat intake. The identical dose range of SCH23390 failed to alter high-fat intake. In contrast, whereas the highest (800 nmol/kg) dose of raclopride significantly reduced high-fat intake after 1 h, the middle (200 and 400 nmol/kg) doses of raclopride significantly increased high-fat intake after 2 h. These data are discussed in terms of the modulatory actions of dopamine upon food intake, of the differential actions of dopamine receptor subtypes upon intake under challenge and palatable conditions, and of the potential participation of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptor populations in these responses.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Constraint-induced movement therapy for hemiplegic children with acquired brain injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) for impaired upper extremity (UE) function in children with acquired brain injury (ABI). DESIGN: Multiple case studies. SETTING: Inpatient pediatric rehabilitation. PARTICIPANTS: Seven consecutive ABI rehabilitation admissions with hemiparesis were recruited without regard to injury etiology, age, or cognitive capacities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The actual amount of use test (AAUT) was used to evaluate change in UE function. AAUT amount of use (AOU) and quality of movement (QOM) scales were obtained at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: AOU and QOM item improvements were significant, as were changes in activities of daily living. The effect sizes for these changes were large. CONCLUSIONS: Stringent CIMT training, previously only implemented with adults, can be used effectively with children when everyday elements of a child's life are integrated into adult protocols. The use of child-friendly UE shaping exercises, "pushed into" activities by professional therapists as well as trained teachers, paraprofessionals, and parents, was supported. Effects of impairment, injury, and behavior on outcomes are discussed. Larger controlled studies with additional outcome measures are indicated.

Adolescent↗