[Reduction in the mortality from acute diarrheal diseases. The experiences of an action-research program].
In order to accelerate the descending mortality rate of acute diarrhea in children under five years of age in Mexico, six strategies were implemented. The results showed that after nine months, 49 per cent of mothers had been trained, and improved significantly their home management of diarrhea. The use of oral rehydration salts increased from 10 to 30 per cent; use of oral rehydration therapy increased from 77 to 83 per cent; and timely and appropriate demand for medical help increased from 51 to 62 per cent (p < 0.05). One hundred percent of all physicians received training, and they improved their therapeutic practices, as shown by a decrease in the use of antibiotics from 48 to 34 per cent; prescription of restrictive diets diminished from 33 to 4 per cent; and oral rehydration therapy increased from 74 to 87 per cent. Thirty-four verbal autopsies were carried out, and they showed that 70 per cent of the children who died did so in their homes or in their way to the hospital, despite the fact that 94 per cent of them had received medical care previous to their death, and that 84 per cent of these had been seen by a doctor within 24 hours previous to their death. In 85 per cent of these cases, the physician involved was a private physician of rural or marginal areas. Monthly analysis of death certificates showed that, during the first year of the program (1991), deaths due to diarrhea diminished 20 per cent, while the corresponding figure for 1992 was 52 per cent. In conclusion, the combination of strategies followed in the program made it possible to accelerate, on a short-term basis, the descending trend of deaths due to diarrhea. It was also shown that an intervention project such as the one presented here may efficiently link results from research to decisions taken by policy-makers, and that these can be effectively turned into actions.