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Biomedical subjects

R Smith

Publications and source records attributed to R Smith.

At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Young children's comprehension of montage.

2 studies examined children's comprehension of brief stop-animation televised segments incorporating elements of cinematic montage such as pans, zooms, and cuts. Children reconstructed the action and dialogue in these segments using the same dolls and settings depicted. In Study 1, there was no effect of cinematic techniques on reconstruction performance of 3- and 5-year-olds as compared to control segments filmed without these techniques. The results challenged the assumption that the use of such techniques per se contributes to young children's poor comprehension of television shows. In Study 2, 12 new segments were produced in which comprehending the montage required inferences of character perspective, implied action sequences, spatial relationships, and simultaneity of different actions. Averaging across all segments, 62% of the 4-year-olds and 88% of the 7-year-olds demonstrated clear comprehension of the montage. Inferences concerning implied action sequences were easiest for both ages. Inferences of simultaneity were most difficult for 4-year-olds, whereas inferences of character perspective were most difficult for 7-year-olds. Preschool children are thus capable of understanding cinematic events conveyed through camera techniques and film editing, despite previous assertions to the contrary. This ability nevertheless substantially increases with age.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Vergence eye-movement responses to whole-body linear acceleration stimuli in man.

Eight human subjects were exposed to periodic linear acceleration stimuli of +/- 1.0 ms-2 at 0.2 Hz and +/- 2.5 ms-2 at 0.3, 0.45 and 0.67 Hz, whilst lying in the supine position on a large-stroke vertical vibration platform. Eye movements were recorded by an infrared corneal reflection technique. In conditions of total darkness, with no visual stimulation, all subjects exhibited eye-movement responses composed of both conjugate and vergence components. Subsequent computer analysis of the vergence eye-movement responses showed that they were periodic and related to subject displacement. In a second experimental condition, a platen-fixed LED matrix fixation target was illuminated 0.91 m vertically above the subject. It was found that fixation upon this target did not abolish the vergence eye-movement response, although it was suppressed by approximately 50%.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1984

Effect of hypoglycemic stress on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive beta-endorphin in conscious sheep.

The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress on the concentrations of immunoreactive beta-endorphin (ir beta-EP) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined in conscious non-pregnant ewes in which the cisterna magna and a jugular vein had been previously catheterized. In control experiments, no significant changes were observed in plasma cortisol or ir beta-EP and CSF ir beta-EP concentrations. During hypoglycemia induced by intravenous injection of 20 units of insulin, plasma cortisol concentrations rose significantly, reaching a peak 1.5 h after injection. The changes in plasma ir beta-EP concentration were significantly different between hypoglycemic and normoglycemic sheep (analysis of variance, P = 0.0089). Following insulin injection, mean plasma ir beta-EP rose by 100% within 0.75 h, continued to rise six-fold over initial concentrations by 2.25 h, and remained elevated for 3.75 h. The CSF ir beta-EP concentrations following insulin injection were not significantly different from those observed in controls. These results suggest that if beta-endorphin mediated hypoglycemic stress-induced analgesia, its actions may be peripheral, not central.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Adenosine causes contractions in spiral strips and relaxations in transverse strips of guinea-pig trachea: studies on mechanism of action.

Guinea-pig tracheae were cut into transverse strips or spirals and although there is only minor difference in the angle of cut, the former preparations relaxed in response to ATP and adenosine while the latter contracted. Theophylline antagonised both types of response suggesting involvement of P1-purinoceptors. Dipyridamole potentiated inhibitory responses to ATP and adenosine in transverse strips but reversed contractile responses to ATP and adenosine in spiral strips. Antagonism of contractions to ATP and adenosine in spiral strips by hyoscine is consistent with an action of adenosine on cholinergic nerves. The likelihood that ATP rapidly forms adenosine by which it acts is discussed.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1984

Women in prison.

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Female↗
PubMed1984

Nursing services.

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Education, Nursing, Continuing↗