Atypical petit mal epilepsy in twins.
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Child↗
Biomedical subjects
R Shukla
Publications and source records attributed to R Shukla.
Congenital atlantoaxial dislocation in children.
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Adolescent↗
Brainstem auditory evoked response in tuberculous meningitis.
Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) abnormalities in tuberculous meningitis (TBM) were determined in 50 cases of tuberculous meningitis (36 male and 14 female) and 50 normal healthy children. Fifty six per cent cases had abnormal BAER findings. The commonest BAER abnormality observed in 32% was a combination of prolonged latency and prolonged interval while unilateral and bilateral absent response was observed in 4% cases. Prolonged latency was observed in 16% patients. Seizure activities, modified glasgow coma scale (GCS), raised intracranial pressure (ICP) and TBM stage III were significantly correlated with abnormal BAER, while age, sex, duration of illness, depressed sensorium, neurological deficit and CSF findings did not have a significant correlation with abnormal BAER. Follow up could be done in ten patients only. All the three patients with only prolonged latency had a normal BAER on follow up, two out of four patients with prolonged latency and prolonged interval had normalization of BAER while in three patients, initial as well as follow up BAER was normal. The present study shows that BAER abnormalities are observed in more than fifty per cent of the patients of tuberculous meningitis.
Child↗
Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) in childhood bacterial meningitis.
Brainstem auditory responses were recorded in 50 children of bacterial meningitis and age matched 50 normal children. Abnormal BAER was found in 32 (64%) patients of bacterial meningitis. These abnormalities included prolonged latency (56.2%); unilateral absent response (25%); bilateral absent response (25%) and prolonged interwave interval (25%). Follow-up could be done in 23 patients of 46 survivors. All the patients with prolonged latency either became normal or improved. In majority of the patients having absent response, the abnormality persisted. Abnormal BAER was significantly associated with age < 2 years (p < 0.02), Modified GCS Score < or = 8 (p < 0.001), Seizures (p < 0.02), raised Intracranial Pressure (ICP) (p < 0.02) and CSF sugar < 20 mg% (p < 0.05).
Adolescent↗
Synthesis, mass spectral characterization and immunoadjuvant activity of some novel lipophilic derivatives of muramyl dipeptides.
Some novel lipophilic derivatives of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) have been prepared and rigorously evaluated by spectroscopic means. Fast atom bombardment and field desorption mass spectrometry provided information about both molecular weight and structural detail. The new MDP derivatives have been tested in guinea pigs for immunoadjuvant activity using egg albumin as the model antigen. Amongst these derivatives, 6-O-[3-(5-cholesten-3 beta-yloxycarbonyl) propionyl]-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (CSMDP), 6-O-[3-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-carbonyl) propionyl]-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (GSMDP) and N-palmitoyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (PMDP) possessed significantly better activity than MDP, as judged by the antigen-specific antibody and delayed hypersensitivity responses in the immunized animals. In addition, CSMDP was found to induce strong delayed hypersensitivity response even in saline. These three active compounds were also tested for their pyrogenic response in rabbits, and were found to be lesser pyrogenic than MDP. Some of these MDP derivatives hold promise as adjuvants in immunization.
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein immunotherapy of recurrent genital herpes: factors influencing efficacy.
Recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) were used as immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of recurrent genital herpes in guinea pigs. Administration of a gBgD vaccine eight to 21 days after intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation significantly increased the titer of anti-HSV antibodies (P less than 0.005) while significantly reducing the frequency of subsequent herpetic recurrences (P less than 0.05). The effectiveness of gBgD immunotherapy was influenced by both the co-administration of adjuvant, the type of adjuvant, and by the timing and route of administration. These data demonstrate that recurrent HSV disease in animals with established latent infection may be favorably altered by the administration of immunogenic viral proteins.
Animals↗
Use of a computerized postural sway measurement system for neurobehavioral toxicology.
The study of standing posture has been associated with nervous system functioning for over a hundred years. Measures of human standing ability have attracted some attention as indicators of neurotoxic insult. The use of postural sway measures as subclinical indicators of toxicity has not been regularly incorporated into most neurobehavioral test batteries, but the development of microcomputer-controlled systems offers new possibilities. The mechanisms involved in controlling postural sway are discussed, as well as the various measurement techniques. In addition, studies involving the effects of some neurotoxic agents are cited. A postural sway measurement system that is noninvasive, has 1-2-minute test periods, provides immediate test results, and is relatively free of practice and motivation effects is described. Results present the normative characteristics of the sway parameters, a comparison of three data transformation techniques, and the effects of height and weight on the sway parameters. Power calculations were also performed to estimate the number of subjects needed to detect effects at both the 80% and 90% power levels.
Adolescent↗
Male reproductive effects of solvent and fuel exposure during aircraft maintenance.
Few studies have addressed the effects of mixed, low-level exposures to complex mixtures on a man's reproductive potential. In this prospective study, each subject was evaluated before first exposure and at 15 and 30 weeks after exposures had begun. A total of 50 men working on aircraft maintenance at an Air Force installation were included in the study. In addition, eight unexposed men were concurrently sampled. Industrial hygiene (IH) sampling and expired breath samples were collected for jet fuel as measured by total napthas, benzene--a component of jet fuel, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methyl ethyl ketone, xylenes, toluene, and methylene chloride. Sperm production, structure, and function (sperm concentration, sperm motion, viability, morphology, morphometrics, and stability of sperm chromatin) were evaluated. Exposures were low. All mean IH measures were below 6 ppm, which is less than 10% of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard for all chemicals except benzene. Sheet metal workers had the highest mean breath levels for both total solvents (24 ppb) and fuels (28.3 ppb). For most sperm measures, mean values remained in the normal range throughout the 30 weeks of exposure. When jobs were analyzed by exposure groups, some adverse changes were observed. The paint shop group had a significant decline in motility of 19.5% at 30 weeks. Internal dose measures, however, did not show a significant association with spermatogenic changes.
Adult↗
Cooling effects and comfort of four cooling blanket temperatures in humans with fever.
Adult patients with fever (N = 89) were randomized into four blanket temperature groups: 7.2, 12.8, 18.3, and 23.9 degrees C. With their extremities protected, subjects were given acetaminophen and placed between two cooling blankets. There were no differences in the mean time (in minutes) to cool to a body temperature of 38.9 degrees C among groups. Although there were no differences in mean time for shivering, a trend of less shivering was apparent with warmer blanket temperatures. Few patients shivered (n = 17). There were no differences in the mean time (in minutes) for afterfall among the groups. The mean amount of afterfall for the 7.2 degrees C group (1.04 degrees C, SD = 0.50) was significantly greater than the 23.9 degrees C group (0.68 degrees C, SD = 0.47). Comfort scores significantly improved with warmer blanket temperatures. Thus, warmer blanket temperatures provided similar rates of cooling as the colder temperatures, yet were perceived to be more comfortable by the patient.
Acetaminophen↗
A study of some correlates of blood pressure on its distribution in a group of sedentary workers.
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Adult↗
Study on the involvement of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in the central cardiovascular regulation in the chloralose-anaesthetized cat.
The role of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in mediating the central control of blood pressure and heart rate, has been investigated in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. L-arginine (10 micrograms to 10 mg), administered intracerebroventricularly into a lateral ventricle, produced a dose-dependent rise in mean blood pressure (7 to 28%) and heart rate (4 to 34%). D-arginine (1 mg), on the other hand, did not produce any change. The effect of L-arginine (100 micrograms) was dose-dependently inhibited by pretreatment with either L-NAME (1 mg) or methylene blue (400 micrograms). Sodium nitroprusside (1 microgram to 10 micrograms, intracerebroventricularly), a spontaneous source of nitric oxide, produced a dose-dependent fall in mean blood pressure (6 to 19%) with a moderate rise in heart rate (3 to 10%). The effect of nitroprusside was markedly inhibited by methylene blue, but not by L-NAME. The results suggest that the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in the central nervous system is involved in the blood pressure regulation in the cat.
Anesthesia↗
Functional implications of postural disequilibrium due to lead exposure.
Measurement of postural equilibrium has been employed as an indirect indicator of functional status of the nervous systems of 109 children (mean age: 5.8 +/- 0.78 years) from the Cincinnati Lead Program Project. The geometric mean blood lead for the first five years of life (PbB05) was 11.9 +/- 1.5 micrograms/dL. Postural sway associated with upright balance was noninvasively quantitated with a microprocessor-based force platform and four tasks performed for 30 sec each by the subjects. A covariate-adjusted multiple regression analysis showed statistically significant associations between PbB05 and the postural sway for the task requiring primarily vestibular and/or proprioceptive systems input, implying potential functional impairment. These findings raised several new issues which are addressed here: (1) A dynamic task has been developed to further test the effect of perturbing those afferents' functional capabilities. (2) A method has been developed to quantitate the stability boundary of each subject to better characterize the limits of functionally-safe postural sway. (3) There is a need to perform the postural sway in a shorter duration than 30 sec so that children younger than five years of age can be tested for early identification of Pb-induced functional impairment of postural equilibrium.
Child↗