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Biomedical subjects

R Sharma

Publications and source records attributed to R Sharma.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

Choroid plexus papillomas.

Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are rare neoplasms accounting for less than 1% of all intracranial tumours. We present our experience with 13 consecutive cases managed by us between 1981 and 1991. There were eight children and five adults. Five patients had tumours in the 4th ventricle, four in lateral ventricle, one in the 3rd ventricle, two in the cerebellomedullary cistern and one in the cerebellopontine angle. The cerebellomedullary cistern is a rare site for CPPs. Although the 4th ventricle remains the common site for adult CPPs, in our series there was a higher incidence of posterior fossa papillomas even in children. Only six patients out of 13 underwent precraniotomy shunts. All patients had their tumours operated upon and verified histologically. Total excision of the tumour could be achieved in nine patients; only a sub total excision was possible in the remaining four. There were two surgical mortalities in the earlier part of this series. Two patients with subtotal excisions underwent radiation therapy; one of these had regrowth of the tumour and another was lost to follow up. The other nine patients are doing well with a follow-up ranging from 9 to 90 months. Surgical resection with the objective of achieving total excision should be attempted in these tumours.

Adolescent↗

Effect of orpiment (As2S3) on cytochrome P-450, glutathione and lipid peroxide levels of rat liver.

Oral administration of orpiment (50 mg/kg b. wt.) caused significant decreases of cytochrome P-450 (44%) and glutathione levels (47%) of rat liver microsomes. Concomitantly, there was an increase in the lipid peroxidation (78%). Orpiment caused significant decreases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The glutathione-S-transferase activity was, however, lowered by 42%. The cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxygenase system was also affected. The results show the hepatotoxic nature of orpiment.

Animals↗

Intermediate variables as determinants of adverse pregnancy outcome in high-risk inner-city populations.

A probability sample survey of high-risk inner-city women with a live birth in the last 3 years shows that maternal medical risks and health behaviors during pregnancy are important intermediate variables influencing preterm delivery and birthweight. Women who developed two or more medical risks had about three-and-a-half times the risk of preterm delivery and two-and-a-half times the risk of low birthweight compared to those without such risks. Women with prior fetal loss had twofold increase in the risk of preterm delivery and low birthweight. Unintended pregnancy resulted in one-and-a-half to twofold increase in preterm delivery and low birthweight, respectively. Inadequate gestational weight increased the risk of preterm delivery by about 50%. Smoking during pregnancy raised the risk of low birthweight slightly more than one-and-a-half times.

Adolescent↗

Zinc levels in maternal and cord blood and in amniotic fluid--a possible marker for foetal malformation.

Zinc levels were estimated from the maternal and cord blood drawn at delivery and in the amniotic fluid drawn before delivery in 9 pregnancies resulting in congenitally abnormal foetuses and 21 pregnancies resulting in normal healthy babies. Zinc levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in maternal and cord blood serum in congenitally malformed babies as compared to healthy normal controls. Amniotic fluid zinc levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in pregnancies with malformed babies. The use of zinc levels as marker for foetal malformation has been suggested.

Amniotic Fluid↗

Surface epithelial tumours of the ovary.

Surface epithelial tumours (SET) constituted 65.7% of all the ovarian tumours. Benign tumours were 182 (71.9%), of low malignant potential (LMP) 11 (4.4%) and frank malignant 60 (23.7%). Maximum number of cases, 102 (40.3%) belonged to 3rd decade. Mean age for serous cystoma was 31.5% years as compared to 30.8 years for mucinous cystoma. The commonest presenting feature was the abdominal lump observed in 182 cases (71.9%) and pain in abdomen in 120 (47.4%). Serous cystomas were t he most frequent tumours and comprised of 32.21% of all the ovarian tumours or 46.01% of all the SET or 65.56% of all the cystic SET. Seventeen (11.7%) of serous tumours were bilateral. Mucinous cystomas constituted 14.55% of all the ovarian tumours or 30.8% of all the SET. These tumours were bulky (78.6%; 15 cm diameter) and multilocular (83.9%). Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma was the commonest malignant epithelial tum our (36.6%). Endometroid carcinoma comprised 3.65% of all the SET or 8.4% of all the ovarian malignancy. Squamous metaplasia was seen in one case whereas 2 cases were of mesodermal mixed tumour with heterologous element as rhabdomyosarcoma. Clear cell carcinoma, Brenner tumour and unclassified group constituted 0.79%, 1.18% and 1.58% of all SET respectively.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗

Sequelae after esophageal variceal ligation and sclerotherapy: a prospective randomized study.

OBJECTIVES: Esophageal variceal ligation is a new approach to the treatment of esophageal varices that does not result in transmural tissue injury and inflammation, and therefore might produce fewer sequelae and symptoms than sclerotherapy. We conducted a prospective, randomized comparison of sclerotherapy with ligation to study the relative short-term risks of these two procedures with respect to bacteremia, pulmonary and coagulation function, esophageal motility, and gastroesophageal reflux. METHODS: Patients with previously documented high grade esophageal varices were randomized to receive sclerotherapy or ligation. Blood was drawn for culture and coagulation profiles, and patients underwent pulmonary function tests, esophageal manometry, and intraesophageal pH monitoring before and after treatment. RESULTS: Six patients with Childs class B cirrhosis and one patient with pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension underwent 20 courses of therapy. Neither sclerotherapy nor ligation produced significant clinical changes in pulmonary or coagulation parameters, or bacteremia requiring treatment. The majority of ligation treatments were without worsening of motility or reflux scores, and none were associated with symptoms. Sclerotherapy was followed by significantly greater esophageal dysmotility and worsening reflux patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Patient acceptance of ligation was much greater than that for sclerotherapy. Our data define the advantages of ligation over sclerotherapy.

Bacteremia↗

Glutathione and glutathione linked enzymes in human small cell lung cancer cell lines.

Glutathione levels and several glutathione-linked enzyme activities have been variably correlated with cisplatin chemosensitivity in cultured neoplastic cells. In order to determine the relative contribution of the glutathione-linked enzymes towards mediating inherent cisplatin resistance in cancer cells, we have measured the chemosensitivity to cisplatin, glutathione levels and activities of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in 8 cultured human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines with widely differing cisplatin sensitivities. Of these parameters, only glutathione S-transferase activity correlated with degree of cisplatin resistance in a linear fashion.

Carcinoma, Small Cell↗

Synthetic peptides derived from the sequence around the plasmin cleavage site in vitronectin. Use in mapping the PAI-1 binding site.

A series of 8 peptides derived from the amino acid sequence accommodating the plasmin cleavage site in vitronectin were synthesized and used to map its binding site for the type I plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). This mapping assigned the inhibitor binding site to the K348-R370 region with high affinity recognition elements within the K348-R357 sequence. These results account for our previous finding that cleavage of the R361-S362 bond by plasmin significantly reduces the affinity between PAI-1 and vitronectin, since it splits the PAI-1 binding site in two. Furthermore, in the case of the two-chain form of vitronectin, this cleavage detaches the S362-R379 peptide which provides some of the affinity elements for the binding of PAI-1.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Atrioventricular canal defect: two-patch repair and tricuspidization of the mitral valve.

Between November 1978 and May 1991, a two-patch repair with tricuspidization of the left atrioventricular valve was performed in 104 patients with complete atrioventricular canal defect. Mean age was 12 months for the 68 patients who underwent primary repair and 22 months for the 36 patients who had previous pulmonary artery banding. Eleven patients died within 30 days of operation and 4 died late. Reoperation was carried out in 2 patients. Eighty-six patients were in sinus rhythm after operation. One patient required a permanent pacemaker for complete heart block. Follow-up data for 1 to 13 years are available in 80 of 89 survivors (90%). Actuarial survival at 13 years is 81% and event-free survival is 92%. Seventy-six patients are in New York Heart Association class I and 4 in class II. Postoperative echocardiogram of these patients showed minimal or no mitral regurgitation. The advantages of this technique are preservation of valve integrity, durable mitral valve repair, and rare reoperation or heart block even in younger patients.

Child, Preschool↗

Sleep-inducing function of noradrenergic fibers in the medial preoptic area.

The aim of the investigation was to find out the role of noradrenergic (NE) terminals of the medial preoptic area (mPOA), in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness. Studies were conducted on free-moving adult male rats with chronically implanted cannulae in the mPOA. Sleep-wakefulness was assessed on the basis of EEG, EMG, and EOG recordings along with behavioral observations. Lesioning of catecholamine terminals (with 6-hydroxydopamine) in the mPOA produced an increase in quiet wakefulness. Prevention of NE fiber destruction, by pretreating the rats with imipramine, prevented this effect. This demonstrated that the increased quiet wakefulness produced by 6-OHDA was the result of NE fiber destruction. Changes in sleep-wakefulness were also assessed after microinjection of NE into the mPOA, in normal and ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNA)-lesioned rats. NE administration induced sleep in VNA-lesioned rats, and arousal in normal rats. The findings suggest that the NE terminals in the mPOA, projecting via VNA, play a role in the induction of sleep.

Animals↗

Comparative studies on the effect of butylated hydroxyanisole on glutathione and glutathione S-transferases in the tissues of male and female CD-1 mice.

1. Male CD-1 mice had about 1.6-fold higher glutathione (GSH), 2-fold higher glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and 2.8-fold higher GST protein in their livers as compared to the female mice. 2. When mice were fed a diet containing 0.75% BHA for 2 weeks, a 1.8-fold increase was observed in GSH levels of female mice liver as opposed to only 1.2-fold increase in male mice. BHA caused 10-fold increase in GST activity and protein in livers of female mice as compared to only about 3-4-fold increase in livers of males. Differential induction of GSH and GST in males and females was also observed in other tissue besides liver but was not as remarkable. 3. Sex-related differences were also observed in the induction of the alpha- and mu- and pi-classes of GSTs by BHA; most noticeable being GST pi, which was induced to about 10-fold in female liver as opposed to only 3.4-fold in male liver.

Animals↗

The actions of RFamide neuroactive peptides on the isolated heart of the giant African snail, Achatina fulica.

1. The effects of a range of RFamide peptides were examined on the frequency, amplitude and tone of the isolated heart of Achatina fulica. 2. FMRFamide, FLRFamide and SDPNFLRFamide were potent excitants while LPLRFamide, KHEYLRFamide and GSFFRFamide were weak excitants. 3. DNFLRFamide and SSLFRFamide were potent inhibitory peptides while LFRFamide, GSLFRFamide and KNEFIRFamide were weak inhibitory peptides. 4. MRFamide, LRFamide and RFamide were inactive. 5. It is concluded that a tetrapeptide sequence is the minimal requirement for activity on the Achatina heart. With the exceptions of DNFLRFamide and in most preparations GSFFRFamide, LRFamide peptides are excitatory while FRFamide peptides are inhibitory. 6. Due to its inhibitory effect and high potency, the sequence DNFLRFamide warrants further investigation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗