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Biomedical subjects

R Schwab

Publications and source records attributed to R Schwab.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Selective sacral nerve blockade for the treatment of unstable bladders.

38 patients with severe urge or urge incontinence, who did not respond to conservative therapy, were treated with selective sacral nerve blockade using a local anesthetic (bupivacaine). 6 patients of this group had definite selective sacral denervation with phenol. In 31 patients a urodynamic study was done previous to the sacral nerve block as well as 10 and 90 min after the injection. Within the first 2-7 weeks the success rate was about 70% in regard to bladder capacity and mean volume at first desire to void. On long-term follow-up (greater than 7 months), the success rate decreased to about 16%. Only 1 patient of the phenol group still has complete detrusor areflexia for now more than 2 years. 4 male patients with advanced or locally recurrent bladder tumors had the sacral block because of severe perineal or suprapubic pain. Subjectively their response seemed to be better. According to our experience nonoperative central bladder denervation with selective sacral nerve blockade using local anesthetics or phenol shows no convincing results on long-term follow-up. Since it is a minimal invasive technique, which can be repeated several times, it may be helpful for some patients and offers a chance to bypass major surgical denervation procedures.

Bupivacaine↗
PubMed1985

Lymphocyte proliferation induced by autologous cells. XV. Relationships between the human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulated by non-T and activated T cells.

The human (T:T act) AMLR was characterized in its relationship to the (T:Non-T) AMLR and its validity as a nonxenogeneic antigen induced response was extended. Human T cell lines, established from responding T cells in an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), were maintained in medium containing human serum and interleukin-2 (IL-2). These cells stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation by autologous T cells and by autologous unfractionated blood mononuclear cells. Freshly activated T cells isolated from an autologous MLR stimulated autologous T cells to a lesser extent could be enhanced by adding IL-2. Twenty-five to 50% of T cells stimulated by activated T cells express the T8 determinant. In contrast, we have previously shown that less than 10% of T cells activated after 6 days in culture with non-T cells express the T8 determinant. The number of T8 bearing cells were increased significantly after 10 days in culture with non-T cells. This suggested that two types of reactions, the (T:Non-T) and (T:T act) AMLR, might occur in sequence when T cells and autologous non-T cells are cocultured: first, the activation of T4 cells by non-T cells, then by the activation of T8 cells by activated T4 cells. Finally, activated T cells can stimulate unfractionated autologous mononuclear cells without prior exposure to sheep erythrocytes or fetal calf serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. XVII. Lower autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in subjects with a history of hayfever.

The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) is impaired in patients with a number of diseases associated with abnormal immunoregulation. Since allergic disorders are also associated with abnormal immunoregulation, we assessed the AMLR in individuals with a history of ragweed hayfever. Lymphocytes from allergic subjects had a lower AMLR than nonallergic controls by rank order analysis. These results support the association of abnormal in vivo immunoregulation with reduced AMLR.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Immunological studies of ageing. X. Impaired T lymphocytes and normal monocyte response from elderly humans to the mitogenic antibodies OKT3 and Leu 4.

Lymphocytes from old and young humans were cultured with PHA or the monoclonal antibodies OKT3 or Leu 4. The incorporation of [3H]TdR was significantly lower in cultures from old as compared to young donors, and the response of lymphocytes stimulated with OKT3 was the best discriminator of donor age. The mitogenic response of lymphocytes to these monoclonal antibodies requires monocytes. The response of T cells containing less than 5% adherent cells was diminished and the difference between old and young donors was not seen. The age-associated response was recovered when autologous or allogeneic monocytes were added to T cells. The age-associated response of T cells was the same, whether cultured with monocytes from young or old donors. Thus, monocytes from elderly subjects are not impaired with respect to their capacity to facilitate the proliferative response of T cells stimulated with monoclonal antibodies. Although lymphocytes from elderly donors were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2, this did not account for the age-associated defect as indomethacin did not eliminate this defect. We conclude that the proliferative response of lymphocytes to OKT3 and Leu 4 is a more sensitive discriminator of lymphocyte donor age than is response to plant lectins, and that the age-associated defect in this response appears to reside within the T-cell population and not the monocyte population.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Requirements for T cell activation by OKT3 monoclonal antibody: role of modulation of T3 molecules and interleukin 1.

The requirements for activation of human peripheral blood T cells by the mitogenic monoclonal antibody OKT3 were examined. OKT3 binds to a T cell molecule, T3, associated with the T cell antigen receptor and involved in T cell activation. Activation of T cells by OKT3 requires signals provided by accessory cells and is IL 2 dependent. In the presence of accessory cells, OKT3 induces loss of T3 molecules from the cell surface, production of IL 2, expression of IL 2 receptors, and proliferation. Modulation of T3 molecules by OKT3 can be induced in the absence of accessory cells with anti-mouse IgG. These T cells, however, are not induced to express IL 2 receptors or secrete IL 2. The addition of IL 1 induces expression of IL 2 receptors, but does not induce IL 2 secretion or proliferation. Thus, peripheral blood T cells appear to have different requirements for activation compared with antigen-specific T cell clones that can be induced to produce IL 2 when stimulated with OKT3 and IL 1. Expression of IL 2 receptors does not require modulation of T3 molecules, because the binding of OKT3 to T cells in the presence of IL 1 alone is sufficient to induce IL 2 receptor expression. The results suggest that IL 2 secretion depends on cross-linking and modulation of T3 molecules, and additional, as yet undefined, accessory cell signals. The expression of IL 2 receptors and proliferation of T cells can be induced in the absence of these signals when exogenous IL 2 is provided.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1985

A nonoperative approach to the adult ruptured spleen sustained from blunt trauma.

From 1978 to 1983, 53 consecutive adult patients with ruptured spleens documented by radionuclide studies, computerized axial tomography, or surgery, were evaluated at William Beaumont Hospital. Thirty-four patients (64%) underwent an exploratory laparotomy; 33 resulted in a splenectomy and one patient had an attempted splenorraphy which failed. Nineteen patients (36%) were hemodynamically stable on admission, or had transient episodes of hypotension readily reversed by intravenous fluids. They were placed at strict bedrest under intensive monitoring. Two patients deteriorated clinically and were taken to surgery, resulting in a splenectomy on the fourth and sixth hospital day, respectively. Seventeen patients (32%) were successfully treated nonoperatively, representing an 89 per cent success rate. The average admitting hemoglobin in the nonoperative group was 13.2 gm/dl, with an average drop of 1.6 gm/dl, and an average total blood transfusion of 1.2 units. These patients were followed for an average of 19.2 months, with no sequelae from their splenic injury. In a hemodynamically stable adult patient with a splenic injury sustained from blunt trauma, a nonoperative approach is a viable alternative when close intensive monitoring is available.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Transabdominal CT-guided sympathectomy].

A new technique for lumbar sympathectomy is described. It consists of CT-guided trans-abdominal fine needle puncture and injection of alcohol. The technique is simple and well tolerated by the patient, and it permits accurate application of the alcohol. Complications have so far not been observed.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Xenogeneic human anti-mouse T cell responses are due to the activity of the same functional T cell subsets responsible for allospecific and major histocompatibility complex-restricted responses.

Human T cells respond strongly to mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. The response is directed predominantly to the polymorphic determinants of the MHC antigens and there is little or no response to the nonpolymorphic determinants or to non-MHC antigens. Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are generated specific for the mouse class I MHC antigens and the CTL effectors are blocked by anti-Leu-2a antisera. Human interleukin 2-producing T cells are generated specific for mouse class II antigens and their induction is blocked by anti-Leu-3a antisera. These and other considerations lead us to propose a model for the T cell receptor that provides an explanation for several of the features of T cell recognition. In this model, the recognition of the "class" (I or II) of MHC antigen is separate from the recognition of the polymorphic determinants. We suggest that the initial recognition of the conserved "class" determinants positions another domain of the receptor so that it can only engage with the part of the MHC molecule carrying the polymorphic determinants.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Immunological studies of aging. IX. Quantitative differences in T lymphocyte subsets in young and old individuals.

The enumeration and distribution of T-cell subsets in peripheral blood from young and old humans was studied. The percentage and absolute number of OKT3-reactive lymphocytes was comparable in healthy elderly individuals (65-84 years old) and young individuals (19-31 years old). The number of OKT4-reactive T lymphocytes from peripheral blood was significantly greater in the older group while the number of OKT8-reactive T lymphocytes was significantly lower. The OKT4/OKT8 ratio was significantly greater in old compared to young subjects. The change in the OKT4/OKT8 ratio did not correlate, in either young or old, with the proliferative response of lymphocytes induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). Although lymphocytes that form rosettes with autologous erythrocytes, a marker of early T lymphocyte lineage, are increased in old subjects, other markers of early T lineage were found to be absent (OKT6), showed no difference (OKT10), or were comparable in young and old subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[The influence of electro-stimulation anaesthesia on the intraocular pressure (author's transl)].

The effect of electrostimulation anaesthesia was studied in 23 patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured 30 minutes after premedication (I), immediately after intubation (II), after the start of stimulation and relaxation (III) and after the establishment of full relaxation and achievement of full stimulation (IV). After intubation IOP increased from 16.4 +/- 3.3 mm Hg to 19.4 +/- 5.6 mm Hg (p less than 0.05), but decreased at reading IV statistically significantly compared with reading I to 12.7 +/- 2.8 mm Hg. To investigate the effect of electrostimulation alone on IOP, we performed tonometry on 10 control persons, in whom we observed a rise in IOP which can be attributed to current induced contractions of the extraocular muscles. The results demonstrate that there is a direct relation between electrostimulation and extraocular muscles, and we find it essential to relax the patients sufficiently to avoid hazards of IOP elevation.

Electronarcosis↗
PubMed1979

Personality characteristics of androgynous and sex-typed females.

Personality characteristics of androgynous and sex-typed females identified by the gem Sex-Role Inventory were studied using the California Psychological Inventory. The results indicated that sex-typed females showed personality characteristics associated with traditional sex-role stereotypes while androgynous females showed both masculine nd feminine characteristics. There was an indication that androgynous and masculine females were better adjusted socially than feminine or undifferentiated females.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

[Not Available].

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France↗
PubMed1968

[Not Available].

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Germany↗