[Mycoplasma bovis infection in a dairy herd. 3. Serological studies of antibodies against Mycoplasma bovis].
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
R Schmidt
Publications and source records attributed to R Schmidt.
Catecholaminergic innervation of the chicken ovary. With special reference to the follicular wall.
The innervation of the chicken ovary was investigated with special emphasis on adrenergic nerves in the follicular wall. Quantitative determinations of catecholamines (CA) by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection (hplc-ed) revealed 15.4 +/- 3.3 ng/mg protein of norepinephrine (NE) and 3.14 ng/mg protein of epinephrine (E), with even larger amounts in the cranial part of the ovary close to the adrenal gland. Serial sections that had been processed for the visualisation of aminergic nerves (Falck-Hillarp- or glyoxylic acid techniques) showed CA localized in nerve-fibre bundles; cell bodies of chromaffin and sympathetic neurons were only found at the ovarian-adrenal junction suggesting that ovarian nerves stored considerable quantities of E. An antiserum against bovine phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT, the E-synthesizing enzyme) produced no immunostaining in chicken ovary or adrenal gland, due to a lack of cross-reactivity between the antiserum and chicken PNMT. Serial sections processed alternately for the visualisation of aminergic nerves and myosin (from chicken gizzard) immunoreactivity revealed a scarce nerve supply of contractile cells in the theca externa compared to an extraordinarily dense innervation of the endocrine interstitial tissue of the theca interna. This distribution pattern of nerve fibres in the follicular wall was confirmed by electron microscopy in ovarian tissue that had been pretreated with 5- or 6-hydroxydopamine (HDA). More than 90% of the terminal axons were specifically labeled by these false adrenergic transmitters. Many of these terminals were seen in close contact (20 nm) with steroidogenic cells suggesting a neuromodulatory function of CA in hormone synthesis and/or release. It is yet unclear whether E and NE are stored in separate or identical axon moieties and within the same organelles. Choline acetyltransferase activity, which was taken as a measure for a cholinergic nerve component in the ovary, amounted to only 7% of its adrenal activity. It is suggested that the chicken ovary may serve as an excellent model to investigate the modulatory role of nerves in the endocrine function of the ovary.
Animals↗
Phenotypic plasticity of cultured bovine chromaffin cells. II. Fiber outgrowth induced by elevated potassium: morphology and ionic requirements.
Chromaffin cells isolated from the adult bovine adrenal medulla extend neurite-like processes in culture in response to a variety of agents. In the present study we investigated the effect of chronic depolarization by high potassium on fiber outgrowth and its ionic requirements. Elevated K+ in the culture medium induced process formation of isolated bovine chromaffin cells in a dose-dependent fashion, and so did veratridine. Short-term depolarization by acetylcholine or carbachol caused increased flattening out of the cells, but no outgrowth of neurite-like processes. Formation of processes was accompanied by a significant reduction of endogenous catecholamines in cultured cells after 18 h and 8 days and a relative shift towards storage of primary amines after 8 days. K+-induced fiber outgrowth was dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the medium and Ca2+-influx into the cells: the effect was inhibited by EDTA, EGTA, CoCl2 and verapamil and mimicked by the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187. Tetrodotoxin, tetraethylammonium, amiloride and ouabain, which interfere with Na+- and K+-fluxes, did not inhibit K+-induced process formation nor did any of them by itself evoke fiber outgrowth. Fiber outgrowth required de novo protein synthesis as shown by the inhibitory effect of cycloheximide. K+-induced formation of processes was not affected by dexamethasone and dbcAMP, both of which inhibit NGF-induced neurite formation of early postnatal rat chromaffin cells in vitro. These results document that chronic depolarization may induce de novo formation of neurite-like processes of bovine chromaffin cells in vitro by a Ca2+- and protein synthesis-dependent mechanism.
Animals↗
Symptoms and activation of granulocytes and complement with two dialysis membranes.
Complement (C) activation, neutropenia, and mild pulmonary dysfunction attend hemodialysis (HD) with cellophane [for example, cuprophan (Cu)] membranes. While usually asymptomatic, these phenomena may cause distress in patients with cardiopulmonary disease, and "start-up" symptoms of HD might be mediated by C-stimulated granulocytes (PMNs). Cellulose acetate (CA) hemodialysis membranes have been devised and claimed more blood compatible than Cu. In a blinded series of HD patients, pruritus, fatigue, and sense of well-being were each scored statistically more favorably by the patients during HD with CA than during HD with Cu (P less than 0.05). Postulating that less C activation might underlie the benefit, we showed that neutropenia was less severe with CA (nadir 77.6% of initial count, +/- 4 SEM) than with Cu (38.3% +/- 2.9; P less than 0.01). In vitro, incubation of CA membranes with plasma led to less C3 conversion (20% vs. 40%), less PMN aggregating activity (5.9 ZAP units vs. 36.3) and less decrement in CH50 (6.5% vs. 22%) than like incubations of Cu. C activation was also less potent in vivo: During HD plasma C3a rose from a mean 401 ng/ml to a peak 6,325 in patients on Cu dialyzers, but from 426 to only 3,637 in patients on CA devices (P less than 0.05). Time-course studies suggested CA was initially as potent an activator as Cu but rapidly lost ability to activate C, possibly because of saturation of C3b binding sites. As an index of PMN activation, we also assayed plasma lactoferrin and found levels significantly higher during Cu than CA dialysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anaphylatoxins↗
Inhibition of specific binding of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dipropionate to an epidermal fraction by certain irritants and irritant promoters of mouse skin.
Specific binding of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dipropionate ([3H]PDPr) to a particulate fraction of mouse skin is demonstrated (KD = 35 nM; Rt = 1.2 pmol/mg protein). A series of compounds of the diterpene ester, indole akaloid and polyacetate types with different degrees of activity as skin tumor promoters and/or irritants have been tested for their capacity to inhibit specific [3H]PDPr binding. Three main categories are found: (i) compounds which exhibit a positive correlation between their potency as irritants and promoters in vivo and their inhibition of specific binding in vitro: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, 3-O-tetradecanoylingenol, pimelea factor P2, 'teleocidin', dihydroteleocidin B, and lyngbyatoxin are active in vivo and in vitro, whereas phorbol and ingenol are inactive and 4-O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate is weakly active; (ii) compounds which are strong irritants and inhibitors of binding but are weak or practically non-promoters: mezerein, 12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate and milliamine C; (iii) strong irritants which are weak or marginally active inhibitors of binding: debromoaplysiatoxin and resiniferatoxin. Some consequences of these findings with respect to interpretations of the biochemical mechanism(s) of tumor promotion are discussed.
Animals↗
The posterior interspinous fusion in the treatment of quadriplegia.
The purpose of this report is to describe our experience with the posterior interspinous fusion in the treatment of spinal injury with quadriplegia. The charts and roentgenograms of 22 patients treated with this operation by the senior author (RW) from July 1978 to June 1981 were reviewed retrospectively. Follow-up averaged 19.5 months. All injured spines had significant posterior ligamentous damage. There were 14 fracture-subluxations, two unilateral facet dislocations, and six bilateral facet dislocations. The specific operative indications included six unacceptable closed reductions, nine failures of three-month trials in a halo vest, and seven cases of predominantly ligamentous injury. All fusions were solid by the third postoperative month. There were no non-unions. There was horizontal translational deformity (2.0 and 3.0 mm, respectively) within the fusion in two cases. In one case, there was an 18 degrees kyphosis within the fusion. Flexible kyphosis adjacent to the fusion, which averaged 16 degrees, was seen in five cases. The overall rate of neurologic recovery for this group was 32%. No patient lost function. Eliminating those patients who were complete quadriplegics preoperatively, the neurologic recovery rate was 77%. In comparison with the other treatments for cervical instability, posterior interspinous fusion is seen to be safe and effective.
Adolescent↗
Structural and metabolic relationships between goldfish brain glycoproteins participating in functional plasticity of the central nervous system.
Ependymins beta and gamma (MW 32,000 and 26,000 daltons) are two secreted goldfish brain glycoproteins that exhibit a specifically enhanced turnover rate when the animals successfully acquire a new pattern of swimming behaviour. Both proteins are bound identically to concanavalin A and can be isolated from brain extracellular fluid and from brain cytoplasm by lectin affinity chromatography. Radioimmunoassay data, using purified 125I-labeled ependymins and antisera directed against ependymin beta or ependymin gamma, show complete cross-reactivity between the two proteins. It is demonstrated by Scatchard-plot analysis that the antisera recognize identical immunological determinants in both proteins. The amino acid composition of the ependymins is similar, and several identical polypeptide fragments are obtained after limited proteolysis with Staphylococcus aureus protease. The proteins are capable of forming complexes of the compositions gamma 2, beta gamma, and beta 2. A protease present in the extracellular fluid of goldfish brain promotes proteolysis of ependymin beta to ependymin gamma. The finding that ependymin gamma is physiologically derived from ependymin beta suggests the possibility that ependymin beta might exert its biological function during consolidation of new behavioural patterns via smaller polypeptide fragments.
Amino Acids↗
Irritant diterpene ester promoters of mouse skin: contributions to etiologies of environmental cancer and to biochemical mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
One of the most advanced experimental models for investigations of the metabolic fate and of mechanisms of action of initiators and promoters at the cell and/or the molecular level is the three-stage initiation/promotion/progression model of carcinogenesis in mouse skin. In etiologic investigation by experimental analyses of local lifestyle-associated esophageal cancer on the Caribbean island of Curacao, based on this model initiators of the solitary carcinogenic PAH type and promoters of the cocarcinogenic diterpene ester (tigliane) type were suggested as putative principal risk factors. In metabolic investigations it was shown that 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) requires metabolic activation to yield "ultimate initiator(s)," whereas TPA and its diterpene ester congeners are "ultimate promoters" themselves. Yet naturally occurring "cryptic" forms of diterpene ester irritants and promoters require metabolic activation. To show structure/activity relationships, selected new diterpene structures of the tigliane, ingenane, and daphnane types and their irritant and promoting activities in mouse skin are presented in this paper. Common structural features of the diterpene moieties relevant for interaction with cellular receptors are identified. Synthetic modification of the ester moieties reveals highly unsaturated analogs of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) allowing for dissection of the promotional stage in the mouse skin model in two operationally defined substages, PI and PII. In many tissues and cells, TPA and congeners induce various different biological effects, e.g., phospholipid synthesis is stimulated in epidermis, virus synthesis is stimulated in human lymphoblastoid cell lines carrying latent genomes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and prostaglandin E2 is rapidly released from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Altogether a remarkable biological and biochemical pleiotropism of diterpene ester promoters is indicated. In investigations of the molecular mechanism of action of diterpene esters, non-promoting short chain phorbol esters, such as phorbol-12,13-dipropionate (PDPr) were shown to inhibit diterpene ester-induced promotion in vivo. In radioligand assays employing (20-3H)PDPr as well as (20-3H)TPA, specific binding to the particulate fractions of mouse skin and other mouse organs, including the brain, is seen. Inhibition of specific binding by a series of diterpene esters is correlated with their irritant and promoting activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
[Staining behavior and applicability of spectrally pure Capriblue GN, Stella Blue, Oxonin and Punky Blue].
The staining properties of 4 spectral pure derivates of Phenoxazin--Capriblue GN, Stella Blue, Oxonin, and Punky Blue--were investigated using human and animal tissues. Punky Blue and Stella Blue are newly synthesized derivates. A simplified staining technique was developed based on conventional fixing and mounting methods of histological materials. Punky Blue is a particularly contrasting metachromatic nucleus stain, and produces at pH = 4 and a staining period of 5 min a differentiated cell picture, the colours of which are comparable to conventional stains. The Oxonin-stain produces good contrasts after 2 min. Capriblue GN is only limited use as one-component tissue stain, due of its low metachromatic characteristics and Stella Blue, on its own, does not provide sufficient contract. The influence of electrolytes and hydrogen ions on the staining mechanisms will be discussed. An increase of hydrogen ions is used to control the selective staining of amphoteric biopolymers. The possible binding mechanisms of stains used are discussed in the light of their staining properties.
Chemical Phenomena↗
Studies of polyarthritis caused by Mycoplasma arthritidis in rats. II. Serological investigation of rats experimentally infected with M. arthritidis ISR 1.
In sera of rats which developed severe polyarthritis after infection with 10(9) CFU of Mycoplasma arthritidis ISR 1, antibodies against M. arthritidis could be detected by the complement fixation test (CFT), enzyme immune assay (EIA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA), and metabolic inhibition test (MIT). Peak titers (CFT - 1:4096, EIA - 1:2560, IHA - 1:640 and MIT - 1:64) were reached between 2 and 12 weeks after infection. The antibodies persisted for at least 9 months, but started to decrease gradually 5 to 7 months after infection. No antibodies against M. arthritidis could be detected in the growth inhibition test. Immune complexes were found 4 days after infection. They decreased rapidly during the first two months after infection after which they increased again. At no time, rheumatoid factors could be detected. Rats which had recovered from the polyarthritis induced by intravenous injection of M. arthritidis ISR 1 were resistant to a subsequent infection.
Animals↗
[Radiotherapy of soft tissue sarcomas].
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Combined Modality Therapy↗
[Determination of aerosol deposition in the maxillary sinus].
The penetration of aerosol into the maxillary sinus depends on the function of the maxillary ostium. Exact findings regarding the velocity of the air flow in the maxillary sinus can be gained by anemometry under optical control of the position of the thermistor. The penetration of aerosol (Patent Blue) can be observed even with a partially closed ostium, and deposit can be documented by photographs. The resorptive process on the mucosa - using fluorescent aerosols - can be visualized by direct excision under UV microscopy. Finally, it is pointed out that the aerosol has a therapeutic value in chronic sinusitis maxillaris even with only partial patency of the ostium.
Aerosols↗
[Functional aspects of endoscopic surgery of the fundus of the frontal sinus].
Obstruction of the ostium frontale leads to hyperplasia of the mucosa in the cranial part of the sinus frontalis and caudal of the recessus frontalis. The velocity of air flow in the ostium frontale can be recorded by means of thermistor anemometry after elimination by endoscopy, of the obstruction to drainage and to ventilation in the ostium frontale. The method of functional examination by contrast yields information on the postoperative flow of secretion. Mucociliar transportation, which shows that normal functions have been resumed, can be demonstrated accurately by endoscopy of the nose after the application of colouring matter. The exact indication for radical operation can be determined in this manner.
Endoscopy↗
[Summary of a round table discussion on the therapy of optic nerve neuritis].
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
Hematology problem. Sickle cell anemia.
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Adult↗
[A recent procedure for intraoperative autotransfusion].
At the surgical unit of the University of Cologne a new system for autotransfusion (Solcotrans) was used in 18 patients. This system consists of a plastic case connected with a vacuum pump by an airtube. After filling the plastic case with 50 ml sodium citrate, 450 ml of blood can be aspirated by the surgeon and be reinfused by the anaesthesiologist. The system was used in shunt-surgery at portal hypertension, at venous thrombectomy and at aneurysms of the aorta abdominalis. Through this, stored blood was not necessary in 13 operations.
Aorta, Abdominal↗
[A new method for intraoperative autotransfusion].
In the surgical department of the University of Cologne a new system for autotransfusion (Solcotrans) was used 74 times in 18 patients. This system consists of a plastic case connected with a vacuum pump by an air tube. After filling the plastic case with 50 ml of sodium citrate, 500 ml blood can be aspirated by the surgeon and reinfused by the anaesthetist. The system was used in venous thrombectomy, in aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and in shunt surgery due to portal hypertension. Thus stored blood was not necessary in 13 operations.
Aortic Aneurysm↗
[Functional and structural vascular reactions following intermittent administration of angiotensin in spontaneously hypertensive rats].
In order to find out whether after repeated intermittent treatment with angiotensin-II (A-II) the hypertrophically and hyperplastically altered vascular walls show the same adaptation as with normotensive rats (NR), investigations were performed on 44 male 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (Okamoto-Aoki). In three repeated series daily doses of 0.15 mg depot A-II, the lowest blood pressure effective dose attended by vascular and organic reactions, were applied for 5 days. We found that the functional reactivity of the arterial vascular system in SHR was retained after repeated intermittent administration of A-II despite the hypertrophically hyperplastic processes. This was equally true for the structural reactivity as shown by the occurrence of equal vascular alterations following each new injection series as those which appeared after the first administration of A-II. Thereafter, no structural adaptation of the arterial vascular system occurred in the SHR. The extensive A-II induced vascular alterations did not lead in SHR to additional sustained increase in blood pressure. On discontinuation of A-II treatment the A-II-induced vascular alterations reconverted within a month, even after repeated intermittent A-II treatment, despite the existence of high blood pressure. They are thus reversible. A similar remission is observed also with the A-II-induced myocardial alterations. It thus becomes obvious that, with maintained reactivity of the vascular walls against A-II and with an existing hypertension, R-A-S stimulating factors obviously are able to induce structural alterations at the arterial vessels.
Angiotensin II↗