The causes of heroin addiction have been studied and debated, and many theories have evolved. This article reviews the extensive literature on the subject and groups the material under the categories of Psychological, Pharmacological, Genetic, Socilogical, Social Protest, The Family, and Stepping Stone theories.

Anomie↗

PubMed1977

The causes of heroin addiction-- a review of the literature. Part II.

Theories on the causes of heroin addiction are reviewed in this two part article. Part II reviews the literature that considers the family of the addict and the stepping stone theory.

Child Rearing↗

PubMed1976

[Arterial embolization in the treatment of metrorrhagia of tumoral origin].

The authors report two cases of embolisation of the genital arteries in patients suffering from emtrorrhagia due to a tumour and in whom surgical treatment was impossible. The results of embolisation were satisfactory.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Magnetic closure of a reservoir ileostomy.

A technique is described for use of the magnetic stoma ileal Maclet for closure of terminal ileostomies. By this method, continence has been accomplished in two patients after total coloproctectomy for famillial polyposis. The first patient has been followed for three years, the second for four months.

Follow-Up Studies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The solid phase radioimmunoassay technique for hepatitis B (surface) antigen: effects of progressive modification.

Serum specimens submitted for confirmation of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) reactivity were tested by counterelectrophoresis (CEP) and by three modifications of the solid phase radioimmunoassay "sandwich" technique (SPRIA). In addition, the specificity of each reaction was determined for two of the SPRIA test methods. One hundred seventy-five of the 688 specimens were reactive by all techniques and a further 60 ere specifically reactive by two of modifications of SPRIA. An additional five specimens were positive by a third SPRIA modification. The primary SPRIA technique, using a homologous guinea pig antibody sandwich, detected 184 nonspecific reactive samples. With the same test done at 45C with a reduced incubation time, there were only 37 nonspecific reactive samples. None of the nonspecific samples was detected when the SPRIA technique used a heterologous guinea pig-human antibody sandwich. The results provide a basis for estimating the effectiveness of the SPRIA technique for HBsAg testing.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Perineal hernia of the rectum (author's transl)].

A case of perineal hernia of the rectum is presented; this case has been successfully treated by a fixation of the rectum to the sacrum by analogy with the treatment of the prolapsus of the rectum.

Barium Sulfate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Circadian variations of blood gastrin under enteral and/or parenteral nutrition in a case of short bowel syndrome.

The study of the circadian variations of serum gastrin levels is reported in a patient after massive small bowel resection. Twenty-four hour continuous nutrition was administered intravenously, alone or with periods of enteral feeding and cimetidine. All samples of serum gastrin showed a marked elevation, 362 +/- 112 pg/ml (N less than 100 pg/ml) and a circadian rhythm was detected in all conditions except with intravenous nutrition alone. Cimetidine shifted the peak time of serum gastrin level. These results are consistent with and endogenous rhythm of serum gastrin and a chronopharmacological action of cimetidine.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Celiac artery aneurysm.

Aneurysms of the celiac axis are rare, since only 50 cases were reported in 1976, 14 of which were operated on successfully. We report here the 15th case. This celiac aneurysm involved the origin of the splenic left gastric and common hepatic arteries. After controlling the aorta by a thoraco-phrenolaparotomy, the celiac artery was ligated at its origin, the anterior wall of the aneurysm was incised and the splenic and the left gastric arteries ligated by an obliterative endoaneurysmorrhaphy. The hepatic vascularization was restored from the gastroduodenal artery with a restorative endoaneurysmorrhaphy. The control arteriogram showed a good arterial revascularization.

Aneurysm↗