Biomedical subjects

R Rowland

Publications and source records attributed to R Rowland.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Density of lymphoid follicles in the rectum and at the anorectal junction.

To determine the density of mucosal lymphoid follicles in 10 histologically normal rectums, including the anorectal junction, we counted the follicles macroscopically after the specimens were fixed in 10% acetic acid. The mean density in the rectum was 25.6/cm2. The mean density at the anorectal junction was slightly but not significantly higher, at 29.2/cm2. We found no significant change in follicle density with increasing age in specimens from people between the ages of 17 and 90 years.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Prolonged hepatic ischaemia due to liver injury: a case report.

A case is reported in which a young male who underwent right hepatectomy necessitated by gunshot wound to the liver, survived 2 h 20 min of normothermic hepatic ischaemia. This case extends the documented duration of hepatic ischaemia compatible with survival and documents the histopathology of the post-ischaemic liver.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by in situ hybridization.

Persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis which may eventually develop into primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism of pathogenesis is ill-defined and nothing is known of the distribution, frequency or type of infected cell in the liver of HCV-infected individuals. In this study we have examined liver tissue taken at autopsy from 2 anti-HCV-positive patients by in situ hybridization for the presence of HCV RNA. Viral RNA was detected by autoradiography after hybridization with 125I-labelled riboprobes, representing approximately 35% of the HCV genome. Only a few positive cells were identified in the HCV-infected liver samples, but not in a normal liver sample. Hybridization with an unrelated probe was negative in all samples. The HCV RNA-positive cells were detected with anti-sense but not sense RNA probes, suggesting that they contained a high ratio of genomic:antigenomic RNA. The appearance and distribution of the HCV RNA-positive cells suggested that they were not hepatocytes and were more likely to be lymphocytes or macrophages.

Autoradiography↗

PubMed1990

Diffuse ileal conduit stenosis from Crohn's disease.

A case of Crohn's disease affecting an ileal loop urinary conduit presented as a diffuse loop stenosis and bilateral hydronephrosis. Radiologic appearance and histology are analyzed to differentiate this unusual complication from other causes of conduit stricture.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Quantitative histological study of enteropathy associated with HIV infection.

A quantitative histological study was performed on small intestinal biopsies from eight ambulatory patients with HIV infection (AIDS/AIDS-related complex, ARC) and compared with those from 16 normal subjects. Enteropathy was assessed by measurement of villus area, crypt length and mitotic count, as well as duodenal counts of intraepithelial lymphocytes, mucosal mast cells and goblet cells. Enteropathy in subjects with AIDS/ARC was shown by reduced mean villus area of 0.363 (SD 0.081) compared with 0.500 (SD 0.064) mm2 in control subjects (p less than 0.0001), while intestinal crypts were of similar length with 239 (SD 36) compared with 225 (SD 28 microns, but mitotic count was increased to 3.8 (SD 1.2) compared with 2.4 (SD 0.8) (p = 0.01) in the same control subjects. These results indicate villous atrophy with impaired crypt hyperplasia. Duodenal cell counts showed similar numbers of mucosal mast cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells in AIDS/ARC patients and fifteen control subjects.

AIDS-Related Complex↗

PubMed1990

Activity of duodenal disaccharidases in relation to normal and abnormal mucosal morphology.

Endoscopic duodenal biopsy specimens from 100 predominantly adult Caucasian patients under investigation for gastrointestinal symptoms were used to establish reference ranges for lactase, sucrase, and maltase in the duodenum. Duodenal and jejunal disaccharidase values were compared and the association between disaccharidase activity and morphology in the duodenum was examined. Mean lactase activities were about 40% lower in the duodenum compared with the jejunum; maltase was reduced to a lesser extent; and sucrase activities were much the same in the two sites. Lactase deficiency was found in 24 patients of whom 14 (58%) had duodenal disease. The presence of moderate to severe duodenal lesions was associated with a significant decrease in all disaccharidase activities, while only lactase was reduced in mild lesions. Twelve patients had normal lactase activity, despite the presence of duodenal disease. It is concluded that specific reference ranges for duodenal mucosal disaccharidase activity are required as this is less than that of jejunum. Reduced duodenal disaccharidase activity is usually but not invariably associated with morphological abnormality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Clomiphene citrate.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1989

Endometriosis of the large bowel: a report of 11 cases.

The clinical and pathological features of 11 cases of large bowel endometriosis are reported, one of which also had lesions in the small intestine. All of the cases had rectal or rectosigmoid involvement. Altered bowel habit and pain were common symptoms but were rarely associated with the menstrual cycle. Sigmoidoscopy was generally unhelpful. Rectal or vaginal examination and barium enema often revealed a mass which was usually diagnosed preoperatively as a malignancy. A correct diagnosis was made preoperatively in only two cases; carcinoma was suspected in four and carcinoid in one case. Histological evidence of recent hemorrhage was confined to those cases where endometriosis seemed to be the major cause of intestinal symptoms. The colonic mucosa overlying the endometriotic deposits was commonly histologically abnormal. It showed a range of changes resembling colitis, solitary ulcer, prolapse or even neoplasm. An appreciation of these mucosal alterations is important to those reporting colonic and rectal biopsies; when observed to be focal in a female patient they should arouse a suspicion of endometriosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Hepatic granulomas: a 15-year experience in the Royal Adelaide Hospital.

The clinical and pathological associations of hepatic granulomas in patients who presented to the Royal Adelaide Hospital between January 1, 1968 and February 29, 1984 were reviewed retrospectively. Cases of primary biliary cirrhosis were excluded. Of 59 patients with hepatic granulomas, clear associations with diseases were identified in 42 (71%) patients. These were sarcoidosis (seven cases), chronic liver disease (12 cases), biliary tract disease (three cases), tuberculosis (four cases), Q-fever (three cases), other infections (four cases), drug hypersensitivity (four cases) and neoplasms (five cases). Ten patients had multiple associations and five other patients presented without any clearly defined cause for granulomas. Three of these latter patients presented with an acute febrile illness, showed hepatomegaly and had abnormal results of liver function tests. These cases may represent the entity that is labeled "idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis". Two other patients abused alcohol. Granulomas were categorized morphologically as microgranulomas, macrogranulomas and lipogranulomas according to their size, organization and the presence of fat droplets. Microgranulomas were associated with diseases of short duration and less architectural disturbance of the liver parenchyma. The presence of granulomas did not confer any prognostic implication over and above that of the associated disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Virus-liver cell interactions in duck hepatitis B virus infection. A study of virus dissemination within the liver.

Thirty-five 1-day-old Pekin-Aylesbury ducks were inoculated intravenously or intraperitoneally with duck hepatitis B virus, and the time-course of infection was examined by Southern-blot, dot-blot, and in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry. Randomly scattered single infected hepatocytes were first seen on days 1 and 2 after inoculation and by day 3 occurred as single cells, pairs, and groups of 5-10 adjoining cells. From day 4 after inoculation all hepatocytes were positive for duck hepatitis B surface antigen and deoxyribonucleic acid. Duck hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid levels in liver extracts and serum increased logarithmically from days 2 to 3 to a plateau by days 4 to 5 after inoculation. Infected and control birds showed no significant differences during the first 7 days in terms of liver histology, hepatocyte morphology, or mitotic activity. It was concluded that (a) virus gains access to randomly distributed hepatocytes without first replicating in other cell types, and then begins disseminating to adjacent cells following anatomic boundaries; (b) markers of infection in liver and serum show reproducible kinetics, thus making this in vivo system amenable to further quantitative study; and (c) hepatocytes in this system are highly permissive to virus replication without the development of significant cytopathology.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Early gastric cancer: 52 cases of combined experience of two south Australian teaching hospitals.

Fifty-two patients with early gastric cancer are described. At presentation, the average age was 60 years and the male:female ratio was 3:2. The patients had presenting symptoms indistinguishable from those due to benign peptic ulcer disease. Endoscopic examination with multiple biopsies was the most accurate means of diagnosis, with an overall 93% detection rate. The tumours were located predominantly along the lesser curve (75%) and in the antrum (64%), with ulcerated or depressed lesions most common and flat lesions least common. Approximately 58% of lesions were of intestinal type, submucosal invasion was seen in 45% and lymph node metastases had occurred in 7% of cases. Lesser curve and antral lesions were more likely to be ulcerated. Ulcerated lesions were on average, the same size as non-ulcerated lesions. Body lesions were larger than antral lesions and lesions which had spread to the submucosa were larger than mucosal lesions. Diffuse-type lesions were more likely to be ulcerated than intestinal-type lesions and dysplasia was more commonly associated with intestinal-type lesions than with diffuse or mixed-type lesions. The crude 5-year survival rate was 80%, but only one death was associated with a recurrence of gastric cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1988

Olsalazine in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a placebo controlled clinical trial and assessment of drug disposition.

The efficacy, safety and disposition of olsalazine was assessed in patients with left-sided ulcerative colitis or proctitis in a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Thirty patients with a mild-to-moderate attack of ulcerative colitis were randomly allocated to olsalazine capsules, 1 g b.d., or placebo for 6 weeks. Good clinical response was found in six patients receiving olsalazine and in two receiving placebo. Improvement in sigmoidoscopic findings and histological appearance of rectal biopsies was also seen more often in olsalazine-treated patients. Plasma concentrations of olsalazine were significantly higher in patients who improved. Olsalazine showed an advantage over placebo which needs to be confirmed by further studies; it was safe in sulphasalazine-sensitive patients but appeared to cause watery diarrhoea in two patients.

Aminosalicylic Acids↗

PubMed1986

Histological aspects of in situ hybridization. Detection of poly(A) nucleotide sequences in mouse liver sections as a model system.

This study examined the detection of cellular poly(A) sequences in mouse liver sections by in situ hybridization using a 3H-labelled poly(dT) probe. Parameters examined included possible losses of target poly(A) sequences from sectioned cells, access of probe to target sequences, section thickness, hybridization conditions, autoradiographic efficiency, specific activity of probes and specificity of reaction. An improved protocol was devised that resulted in good preservation of histological detail in sectioned tissue blocks, and a calculated hybridization efficiency of 50%-100%. With the use of probes of defined sequence, the protocol should allow detection of unique mRNA sequences within single cells with an estimated sensitivity of 6-12 unique mRNA molecules per sectioned cell.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Teratoma following cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: a clinicopathological correlation.

From April 1975 through May 1981, 51 patients had teratoma resected from residual disease following cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. All patients had normal serum markers before resection of abdominal (25), lung (12), mediastinal (5), thoracoabdominal (8) or other (1) disease. Teratoma was classified as mature in 29 cases, immature in 15 or immature with nongerm cell elements in 7. Of the 51 patients 31 (61 per cent) remain free of recurrent disease, while 20 either had recurrent carcinoma (10) or teratoma (10) requiring further therapy. Nine patients died, including 1 in whom angiosarcoma developed, which was thought to be secondary to previous radiation therapy. In 4 patients the initial relapse of carcinoma developed beyond 2 years after resection. Univariate factors predicting for relapse include tumor burden, immature teratoma with nongerm cell elements and site (mediastinum), while only immature teratoma with nongerm cell elements and site predicted for survival. Patients with immature teratoma had a comparable relapse-free and over-all survival as those with mature teratoma. Using a multivariate analysis, primary tumor site at the mediastinum was the most significant adverse factor predictive for relapse and survival. This study appears to support the various pre-clinical models that demonstrate multipotential capabilities of teratoma. Complete surgical excision of teratoma remains the most effective treatment with continued close followup recommended for high risk patients (immature teratoma with nongerm cell elements, large tumor burden and primary mediastinal tumors) with resected teratoma.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗

PubMed1986

Lymphoid aggregates in the guinea pig large bowel: development of quantitation techniques for number, volume and distribution.

A technique for assessing the number, distribution and volume of the lymphoid aggregates (LA) in the guinea pig large bowel is described. Aggregates could be visualised macroscopically after immersion of the bowel in 10% acetic acid and their number and distribution recorded by tracing on plastic sheets. Serial sections through a sample of 13 LA showed that they were ellipsoidal and this was confirmed by mathematical comparison with hypothetical ellipsoids. In practice, only the length and width of each LA could be measured but, using the sample of 13 LA, it was established that regression analysis enabled the volumes of all except the smallest LA to be predicted accurately from the knowledge of length and width alone.

Acetates↗

PubMed1986

Right-sided diverticular disease of the colon: a morphological analysis of 16 cases.

Right-sided diverticular disease is uncommon and represents a heterogeneous group of cases with varying clinical presentation often confused with other disorders. Based on number, size, distribution and histological appearance of the diverticula, four distinct groups were identified, each with a distinct clinical presentation. Six patients had solitary false diverticula mimicking acute appendicitis and at operation were found to have inflamed caecal masses. Five patients had diverticula formed on the basis of defects in the muscularis propria. The mean age of these patients was 30 years older than the previous group and all of them presented with rectal haemorrhage, often confused with angiodysplasia clinically. At laparotomy the external appearance of the bowel was unremarkable. Three patients had diverticular disease similar to that seen in the left side of colon. Two patients had true congenital caecal diverticula confirming that the minority of caecal diverticula conforms to this group.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1986

The number and distribution of lymphoid follicles in the human large intestine.

The density of mucosal lymphoid follicles has been determined in the large intestines of five sudden death victims. The specimens were fixed in acetic acid which made the follicles visible macroscopically. The estimated total number of follicles in the large intestine ranged from 12761 to 18432. The average density of follicles was 18.4 per cm2 in the caecum, 15.0 per cm2 in the colon and 25.4 per cm2 in the rectum. These results indicate that the density of lymphoid follicles has been grossly underestimated in the past where three to five follicles per cm2 have been accepted as normal. The cause for this major discrepancy is discussed as is its bearing on the diagnosis of lymphoid hyperplasia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

The social and psychological consequences of secrecy in artificial insemination by donor (AID) programmes.

The assumption that secrecy is of paramount importance in AID programmes has arisen in order to protect the three parties involved: donor, recipient couple and offspring. Due to the uncertain legal position, he medical profession has also been concerned to protect itself against possible litigation. Recent calls for an abolition of all secrecy have been motivated by the knowledge and experience of workers in the field of adoption. The similarities and differences between adoption and AID as ways of creating a family are discussed, with the resulting conclusion that, although the two have much in common they do present different experiences and problems for parents and offspring. The experiences of donors and recipient couples are then discussed based on data gathered to date from 67 donors and 93 couples in an AID programme at the Melbourne Family Medical Centre. It is stressed that many statements in the past regarding secrecy have not been informed by the opinions and intentions of participants themselves, and further information is needed in this area. Furthermore, it is clear that all members of a society are affected by the codes of secrecy currently operating and the 'rights' of all members of that society need to be considered.

Adoption↗