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Biomedical subjects

R Reid

Publications and source records attributed to R Reid.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Prevalence and predictors of substance use: a comparison between adolescents with and without learning disabilities.

A considerable body of literature has accumulated that examines patterns of substance use and abuse among adolescents attending general education classes. However, much less information exists on the prevalence and predictors of substance use among adolescents with learning disabilities. One purpose of this study was to determine the comparative prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among a sample of 123 students with learning disabilities (91 male and 32 female, mean age = 14.37 years) and 138 nondisabled students (77 male and 61 female, mean age = 13.71 years). A second purpose was to determine whether two psychosocial variables (self-esteem and type of behavior problem) or severity of drinking problem best predicted use of tobacco and marijuana. Students were administered the Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI)-School form (Coopersmith, 1987) and the Adolescent Drinking Index (ADI) (Harrell & Wirtz, 1989); their teachers completed the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist (RBPC) (Quay & Peterson, 1987). Tobacco and marijuana use were proportionally higher for adolescents with learning disabilities; no differences emerged for alcohol use between groups. A discriminant function analysis revealed that scores on the SEI and subscale scores of the RBPC did not reliably predict tobacco or marijuana use for either group. ADI scores were reliable predictors of marijuana use for students with learning disabilities and tobacco use for both groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Symptomatic cortical irregularities of the distal femur simulating malignancy.

We reviewed the records and radiographs of seven children who presented with knee pain, local tenderness over the medial femoral condyle, and radiological irregularity of the distal medial metaphysis of the femur suggestive of malignancy. In the five patients who had biopsies, histological changes were consistent with musculotendinous avulsion, and the dissection of ten cadavers confirmed the site to be the insertion of part of the adductor magnus. The recognition of this lesion and knowledge of its benign nature may avoid unnecessary anxiety and needless biopsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Immunogenicity evaluation of a lipidic amino acid-based synthetic peptide vaccine for Chlamydia trachomatis.

Lipidic amino acid-based synthetic peptides derived from the variable domains (VD) of Chlamydia trachomatis outer membrane protein 1 were evaluated as potential candidate sequences in a vaccine. A peptide sequence designated P2 from the VD IV of serovar B contained a B cell epitope capable of eliciting antibodies binding to serovar B elementary bodies (EB) and a T helper site capable of presentation by multiple H-2 alleles. Polymerization of the P2 into polylysine to form lipid core peptides (LCP) significantly enhanced immunogenicity compared with P2 monomer alone. The LCP system incorporates lipidic amino acids into the polylysine system and enhances lipophobicity and membrane binding effects of the peptide. A second peptide sequence derived from the VD I of serovar C was cosynthesized with P2 into lipidic polylysine LCP and was designated LCP-H1. Antibodies to this construct reacted at high titer with EB of the three major trachoma causing C. trachomatis serovars A, B, and C. LCP-H1 was immunogenic among four of five murine H-2 alleles. Pepscan analysis showed that the fine specificity of antibodies generated to LCP-H1 were directed to the predetermined neutralizing epitope sequences. An in vitro HAK cell neutralization assay showed that LCP-H1 elicited neutralizing antibodies to serovars A, B, and C, but these were of low titer. Because LCP-H1 antibodies bound to the peptide sequence with 10-100-fold higher titer than to EB, the low neutralization titers most likely result from conformational differences between the synthetic peptide and antigenic sites on the native organism. Modification of LCP-H1 to incorporate a predefined conformation may result in improved antigenic properties.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1993

Results of a randomized phase-III trial to evaluate the efficacy of strontium-89 adjuvant to local field external beam irradiation in the management of endocrine resistant metastatic prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: A large proportion of the practice of radiotherapy in the management of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate is associated with palliation of pain from osseous metastases and improving quality of life. Radiation therapy is well known to be effective in treating painful sites and may also be effective in reducing the propensity for adjuvantly treated disease to become symptomatic. Strontium-89 is a systemic radionuclide that has clinical efficacy in the palliation of pain from bony metastases. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study was a Phase-III randomized placebo control trial performed in eight Canadian Cancer Centers to evaluate the effectiveness of strontium-89 as an adjunct to local field radiotherapy. Patients with endocrine refractory metastatic prostate cancer received local field radiotherapy and either strontium-89 as a single injection of 10.8 mCi or placebo. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-six patients were recruited. No significant differences in survival or in relief of pain at the index site where noted. Intake of analgesics over time demonstrated a significant reduction in the arm treated with strontium-89. Progression of pain as measured by sites of new pain or the requirement for radiotherapy showed statistically significant differences between the arms in favor of strontium-89. Tumor makers including prostate specific antigen, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase were also reduced in patients receiving strontium-89. A Quality-of-Life analysis was performed as a multivariate data set and demonstrated an overall superiority of strontium-89 with alleviation of pain and improvement in physical activity being statistically significant. Toxicity was evaluated and demonstrated increased hematological toxicity in the group receiving strontium-89. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the addition of strontium-89 is an effective adjuvant therapy to local field radiotherapy reducing progression of disease as evidenced by new sites of pain and the requirement of further radiotherapy and improving quality-of-life and need for analgesic support in this group of patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Multifocal synchronous osteosarcoma: the Scottish Bone Tumour Registry experience.

We report 3 cases of multifocal synchronous osteosarcoma constituting 1% of osteosarcoma cases in the Scottish Bone Tumour Registry over 30 years. All were children and had a median age of 10 years. They all presented with multiple bony lesions in the absence of demonstrable pulmonary metastases. Treatment was with palliative radiotherapy in two and combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the most recent case. Survival was poor in all cases, with a median of 7 months. A proposal is made for genetic studies in future cases to help elucidate the origin of these tumours. The multicentric and metastatic hypotheses are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Major histocompatibility complex and human papillomavirus type 16 E7 expression in high-grade vulvar lesions.

To determine whether expression of the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 open reading frame influences expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on the surface of squamous epithelial cells, serial frozen sections from seven HPV type 16-positive, high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN 2-3) lesions were tested for viral transcription by RNA-RNA in situ hybridization, for MHC expression by immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to MHC class I and II molecules, and for keratinocyte differentiation by immunohistochemical staining with anti-filaggrin and cytokeratin 10 antibodies. Despite the histologic appearance of high-grade VIN lesions, expression patterns of cytokeratin 10 and filaggrin suggested a certain degree of keratinocyte differentiation in all specimens. These differentiation markers were especially prominent in parakeratotic and hyperkeratotic superficial areas, which did not express MHC antigens or contain E7 mRNA. Expression of MHC class I molecules within dysplastic tissues was greater than within HPV type 16-negative, normal vulvar epithelium from the same patients. In five of the VIN 2-3 specimens anti-MHC class I antibodies reacted more strongly with cells of the basal and suprabasal layers than with cells of the epithelial surface. In one lesion basal cells stained less intensively than surface cells, whereas in another specimen all epithelial layers were equally MHC class I positive. Staining with anti-MHC class II antibodies was generally restricted to isolated foci, representing invading lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and Langerhans cells. In two lesions, however, there was heterogeneous keratinocyte expression of MHC class II proteins, perhaps due to inflammation. Major histocompatibility complex antigen detection was independent of the presence or distribution pattern of E7-specific transcripts. Hence, a correlation between MHC and E7 expression appears unlikely in warty VIN lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pili in microspheres protect rabbits from diarrhoea induced by E. coli strain RDEC-1.

We tested whether pilus proteins of rabbit diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (RDEC-1), incorporated into biodegradable microspheres, could function as safe and effective oral immunogens in the rabbit diarrhoea model. The RDEC-1 adhesin, AF/R1, incorporated into poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres, was administered intraduodenally. Vaccinated and unvaccinated rabbits were challenged with RDEC-1 and killed 1 week later. Vaccination with AF/R1 in microspheres did not cause diarrhoea or weight loss. After challenge, rabbits given AF/R1 in microspheres, in contrast to unvaccinated animals, remained in good health. RDEC-1 attachment to caecal epithelium of vaccinated rabbits was reduced (p = 0.02), whereas numbers of RDEC-1 in intestinal fluids were little affected. Also, in vaccinated animals, biliary anti-AF/R1 IgA levels were increased, and AF/R1-induced blast-cell transformation was vigorous in spleen cell cultures. We conclude that vaccination with AF/R1 in microspheres was safe and protected rabbits against RDEC-1 disease, probably by interfering with adherence of the bacteria to the intestinal mucosa. The interference might have been due to the presence of specific antibodies secreted in bile.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Interference of immune globulin with measles and rubella immunization.

Passively acquired antibody may interfere with the active antibody response to live viral vaccines such as measles and rubella. To evaluate the duration of this inhibitory effect, we measured the measles and rubella antibody responses of Apache children immunized with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine at varying intervals after administration of an immune globulin termed bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin (BPIG). This specific immune globulin contained measles and rubella antibody titers similar to those in standard intramuscularly and intravenously administered immune globulins. Antibody responses to measles vaccine were inhibited for up to 5 months after a BPIG dose of 80 mg IgG per kilogram of body weight, but responses to rubella vaccine were inhibited for only 2 months. Most children who had a decreased measles antibody response to primary measles, mumps, and rubella immunization given 1 1/2 to 4 months after BPIG administration responded to a booster immunization given 6 months after their last BPIG dose. We conclude that high doses of immune globulin (> 10 mg/kg) may inhibit the antibody response to measles for more than 3 months. We propose that the interval between administration of immune globulin and measles and rubella immunization be adjusted on the basis of the dose of immune globulin.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1993

Menstrually Related Disorders: points of consensus, debate, and disagreement.

It seems that during the past decade we have been witnessing an evolution of a consensus on the phenomenology and time course of various types of MRDs. We are in a stage in which definitions and diagnostic criteria can be developed, but their broad acceptance is still not assured. The etiology and pathophysiology are still fiercely debated, but reasonable and feasible methods for scientific elucidation of the various hypotheses are in place and are followed by solid groups. Despite the uncertainty concerning the etiology of MRDs, reasonably efficient treatment modalities do exist, and most sufferers of MRDs should expect an eventual alleviation of their symptoms if they are treated in a specialized, established, and up-to-date program.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b meningococcal protein conjugate vaccine reduces oropharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b among American Indian children.

The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningococcal protein conjugate vaccine (Hib-OMPC; Merck, Sharp & Dohme) on oropharyngeal (OP) carriage of Hib was evaluated in Navajo and Apache Indian children, who are known to be at high risk for invasive Hib disease. We obtained 1423 OP swabs at well child visits from 1321 children 3 months to 4 years of age: 293 of the swabs were obtained from children before the administration of any Hib-OMPC; 1119 were taken after the primary vaccination series; and 11 after the booster dose. Swabs were tested for the presence of Hib capsular polysaccharide antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Forty of 1423 swabs were positive for Hib. Among the 40 positive swabs 5 (13%) were obtained from children who had received Hib-OMPC vaccine appropriate for age at swabbing, compared with 500 of 1383 (36%) of negative swabs. Children who were OP carriers of Hib were older than noncarriers (mean age, 13 and 9 months, respectively) and a greater proportion of carriers (48%) had symptoms of respiratory infection at the time of swabbing than noncarriers (30%). These variables were significantly related to increased risk of OP carriage of Hib when incorporated jointly in a logistic regression model: not vaccinated according to age (odds ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 7.05); increase of age in months (odds ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.10); and respiratory infection symptoms present (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.06-3.77). Thus besides preventing invasive Hib disease, appropriate vaccination with Hib-OMPC appears to reduce OP carriage of Hib.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed1993

Antibody response of Navajo children primed with PRP-OMP vaccine to booster doses of PRP-OMP vs. HbOC vaccine.

We compared in 12- to 15-month-old American Indian infants the safety and immunogenicity of two licensed Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines, PRP-OMP (PedvaxHib) and HbOC (HibTITER), administered as booster vaccinations. All infants previously received PRP-OMP for their primary Hib vaccinations at 2 and 4 months of age. The geometric mean Hib antibody concentrations (microgram/ml) measured by radioactive antigen-binding assay for those receiving PRP-OMP (n = 17) or HbOC (n = 18) were 0.593 and 0.449, respectively, before boosting (P not significant) and 7.46 and 29.5 micrograms/ml, respectively, after boosting (P < 0.05). PRP-OMP recipients also had lower geometric mean IgG anti-Hib antibody concentrations than HbOC recipients (7.21 vs 28 micrograms/ml, P = 0.003) and lower bactericidal titers (3.18 vs. 15.4, not significant). We conclude that HbOC vaccine produced a significantly greater booster response than PRP-OMP vaccine when given at 12 to 15 months of age to children primed with two doses of PRP-OMP vaccine at 2 and 4 months of age.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1993

Sex reassignment surgery. A study of 141 Dutch transsexuals.

"This is an evaluation of the therapeutic effect of sex reassignment surgery on 36 female-to-male transsexuals and 105 male-to-female transsexuals in the Netherlands. Data were collected by means of structured interviews. The evaluation was made on the basis of subjective data only, that is on what the persons themselves reported on their gender identity, gender role, and physical condition. Allowing for the restrictive methodology of the (ex post facto) study, it is concluded that there is no reason to doubt the therapeutic effect of sex reassignment surgery. No specific differences were found between those who were still in medical treatment and those who had completed treatment. The findings obtained in the female-to-male transsexuals compare favourably with those obtained in male-to-female transsexuals. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that more attention ought to be paid to psychosocial guidance in addition to medical guidance."

Female↗
PubMed1993

Differential effects of self-monitoring attention, accuracy, and productivity.

Effects of self-monitoring on-task behavior, academic productivity, and academic accuracy were assessed with 6 elementary-school students with learning disabilities in their general education classroom using a mathematics task. Following baseline, the three self-monitoring conditions were introduced using a multiple schedule design during independent practice sessions. Although all three interventions yielded improvements in either arithmetic productivity, accuracy, or on-task behavior, self-monitoring academic productivity or accuracy was generally superior. Differential results were obtained across age groups: fourth graders' mathematics performance improved most when self-monitoring productivity, whereas sixth graders' performance improved most when self-monitoring accuracy.

Attention↗
PubMed1993

Biology and colposcopic features of human papillomavirus-associated cervical disease.

Target biopsy and transformation zone ablation on excision is the mainstay of management for cervical lesions that can be adequately visualized. For the physician who does not progress beyond whimsical estimates of lesion prominence (which cannot differentiate minor- from major-grade lesions), the colposcope will never be more than a simple aid to the collection of directed biopsy specimens. Unfortunately, in situations in which the clinician's only option is passive response to the histopathology report, optimal management of the patient's disease will not occur. Indeed, the best prospect for diagnosing or prognosticating confusing disease patterns can sometimes be lost by blind precipitous intervention. Because the most prominent areas of colposcopic change do not necessarily coincide with the areas of greatest histologic abnormality, less experienced colposcopists may not be able to select the most abnormal sites for target biopsy. Peripheral areas of prominent aceto-whitening tend to be overinterpreted, and the subtle acetowhitening of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia near the canal tends to be easily overlooked. This problem is best solved by using colposcopic criteria that are based on critical analysis, rather than "pattern recognition." It is easy to derive the four proven colposcopic criteria, and they can be quickly compiled into an index that helps the clinician recognize lesion severity while he or she is performing the colposcopy. Of course, using the colposcopic index to infer approximate histologic findings does not eliminate the importance of biopsy. Skilled physicians will conscientiously follow the triage rules, including the need to collect carefully sited target biopsy specimens.

Colposcopy↗
PubMed1992

Encephalitis and chorioretinitis associated with neurotropic African horsesickness virus infection in laboratory workers. Part II. Ophthalmological findings.

Four laboratory workers developed uveitis-chorioretinitis, associated with encephalitis in 3 cases. The retinitis was characterised by haemorrhages and areas of retinal oedema, most marked over the posterior polar regions, and was associated with exudative retinal detachments. The lesions progressed over weeks and showed a severe retinal arterial vasculopathy with arteriolar narrowing, ghost vessel formation and the development of optic atrophy. The picture in 2 of the patients resembled that of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome (ARN). Antibodies to African horsesickness (AHS) virus were detected. The serology for AHS virus was positive in all 4 patients as well as in 5 of 15 laboratory workers from the same facility who were clinically and ophthalmologically normal. This is to our knowledge the first description of subclinical and probable clinical neurotropic AHS virus infection in man. AHS is a hitherto-unrecognised possible cause of viral retinitis and the ARN syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Encephalitis and chorioretinitis associated with neurotropic African horsesickness virus infection in laboratory workers. Part IV. Experimental infection of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus).

Neurotropic vaccine strains of African horsesickness (AHS) virus types 1 and 6 were implicated as the possible aetiological agents in 4 cases of encephalitis and uveochorioretinitis in laboratory workers accidentally exposed to the freeze-dried vaccine preparations of the virus. To date, AHS virus has not been known to infect man. To ascertain whether or not primates were susceptible to infection with AHS virus, vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) were inoculated, either transnasally or intraconjunctivally, with vaccine strains of AHS virus types 1 and 6. The course of infection was monitored using parameters such as behavioural changes, febrile reaction, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, serology, magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy. Encephalitis, manifested by varying degrees of fever, behavioural changes and pleocytosis, but no chorioretinitis was detected in all 6 transnasally infected monkeys. This was confirmed by autopsy, where a meningo-encephalitis affecting the medial temporal lobe but no lesions in the eyes was demonstrated. Neither virus appeared to infect the animals after intraconjunctival inoculation. These findings support the theory that the patients were infected by the inhalation of freeze-dried vaccine preparations. The pathogenesis of the eye lesions, however, remains uncertain.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1992

Superficial laser vulvectomy. V. Surgical debulking is enhanced by adjuvant systemic interferon.

Skillful laser ablation can remove any volume of human papillomavirus-associated vulvar disease but cannot prevent reactivation of the surrounding latent viral reservoir during postoperative healing. Conversely, interferon and 5-fluorouracil are relatively ineffective as primary therapies in clearing bulky lesions. In this study of 71 assessable patients, topical 5-fluorouracil and systemic interferon injections were used postoperatively. Success rates within the adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and laser alone arms were essentially the same (9 of 18 vs 8 of 20). In contrast, outcome in the interferon group was significantly better than that for the other two arms combined (27 of 33 [82%] vs 17 of 38 [45%]; chi 2 10.31; p less than 0.002). Moreover, 18 of 21 failures (86%) in the first two arms and 3 of 6 failures (50%) in the interferon arm were "rescued" from the need for a second laser surgical procedure by crossover to either the 1 or 3 MIU interferon regimen. Results from this open-label, randomized clinical trial suggest that even a relatively low dose of recombinant interferon, used in combination with effective surgical debulking, can markedly reduce the risk of postoperative recurrence.

Administration, Topical↗