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Biomedical subjects

R Reid

Publications and source records attributed to R Reid.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Body composition assessment in American Indian children.

Although the high prevalence of obesity in American Indian children was documented in several surveys that used body mass index (BMI, in kg/m2) as the measure, there is limited information on more direct measurements of body adiposity in this population. The present study evaluated body composition in 81 boys (aged 11.2+/-0.6 y) and 75 girls (aged 11.0+/-0.4 y) attending public schools in 6 American Indian communities: White Mountain Apache, Pima, and Tohono O'Odham in Arizona; Oglala Lakota and Sicangu Lakota in South Dakota; and Navajo in New Mexico and Arizona. These communities were participating in the feasibility phase of Pathways, a multicenter intervention for the primary prevention of obesity. Body composition was estimated by using a combination of skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance measurements, with a prediction equation validated previously in this same population. The mean BMI was 20.4+/-4.2 for boys and 21.1+/-5.0 for girls. The sum of the triceps plus subscapular skinfold thicknesses averaged 28.6+/-7.0 mm in boys and 34.0+/-8.0 mm in girls. Mean percentage body fat was 35.6+/-6.9 in boys and 38.8+/-8.5 in girls. The results from this study confirmed the high prevalence of excess body fatness in school-age American Indian children and permitted the development of procedures, training, and quality control for measurement of the main outcome variable in the full-scale Pathways study.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Development of a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in American Indian children.

One aim of the Pathways study is to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of American Indian children in grades 3-5 regarding physical activity and diet in. This article describes the development of a culturally sensitive, age-appropriate questionnaire to assess these variables. The questionnaire was designed to be administered in the classroom in two 30-min sessions. Questions were developed to assess 4 key areas: physical activity, diet, weight-related attitudes, and cultural identity. Potential questions were written after review of relevant literature and existing questionnaires. Numerous and extensive revisions were made in response to input from structured, semistructured, and informal data collection. Questions were pretested in 32 children in grades 3-5 by using semistructured interviews. Test-retest reliability and the internal consistency of scales were examined in 371 fourth-grade children and subsequently in 145 fourth-grade children. Questions were reviewed by American Indians from the communities involved in the Pathways study several times during the developmental process. The process described here serves as one model for the development of a culturally appropriate tool to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in American Indian children.

Asian People↗
PubMed1999

Intestinal reperfusion injury is mediated by IgM and complement.

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on complement. This study examines the role of the alternative and classic pathways of complement and IgM in a murine model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Wild-type animals, mice deficient in complement factor 4 (C4), C3, or Ig, or wild-type mice treated with soluble complement receptor 1 were subjected to 40 min of jejunal ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. Compared with wild types, knockout and treated mice had significantly reduced intestinal injury, indicated by lowered permeability to radiolabeled albumin. When animals deficient in Ig were reconstituted with IgM, the degree of injury was restored to wild-type levels. Immunohistological staining of intestine for C3 and IgM showed colocalization in the mucosa of wild-type controls and minimal staining for both in the intestine of Ig-deficient and C4-deficient mice. We conclude that intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on the classic complement pathway and IgM.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A phase II trial of gallium nitrate in patients with androgen-metastatic prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Due to in vitro data suggesting antitumor activity with gallium nitrate, we sought to evaluate the safety and activity in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. METHOD: Patients were eligible for this study if they had an ECOG performance status of < or = 2, stage D2 metastatic prostate cancer that was progressing following combined androgen ablation (medical or surgical castration plus antiandrogen) and had failed antiandrogen withdrawal. Therapy consisted of gallium nitrate (200 mg/m(2)/day) as a continuous infusion for 7 days, administered every 21 days, with hydration (100 ml/m(2)/h). Individuals that had previously received suramin were treated at a dose of 150 mg/m(2)/day of gallium nitrate. RESULTS: Eight patients were enrolled: 4 patients at the 200 mg/m(2)/day dose level and 4 patients at the lower dosage (150 mg/m(2)/day). One of 8 patients had a >75% decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 3 patients had stable PSA values for 17, 18 and 22 weeks, and 4 patients had progression by PSA (>50% increase over baseline). Anemia requiring transfusion occurred in 5 of 8 patients (63%). Two patients (25%) developed grade 4 toxicity: 1 patient developed complete blindness with partial reversal over 12 months, and another patient had pulmonary infiltrates, hypoxemia, and fever. Serious adverse events were not correlated to prior suramin exposure, or gallium plasma concentrations (total or free), but appeared to be related to cumulative cycles of gallium nitrate. Remaining adverse events were grade 1 or 2. No patients developed renal or neurological toxicity. CONCLUSION: This trial was prematurely terminated because repeated administration of gallium nitrate was poorly tolerated in an elderly population with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Gallium had modest clinical activity in this disease.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Preferential pulmonary retention of (S)-albuterol after inhalation of racemic albuterol.

The (R)-enantiomer of racemic albuterol produces bronchodilation, whereas the (S)-enantiomer may increase airway reactivity. After oral or intravenous administration of racemic albuterol, the (R)- enantiomer is metabolized several times faster than the (S)-enantiomer; however, enantiomer disposition after inhaling racemic albuterol with a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is not known. Accordingly, 10 healthy subjects inhaled racemic albuterol with a MDI alone and with a MDI and holding chamber. We measured plasma levels of unchanged (R)- and (S)-albuterol before and up to 4 h after inhalation of racemic albuterol, and determined the unchanged R/S ratio in urine before and at 0.5, 4, 8, and 24 h later. The disposition of albuterol's enantiomers with a MDI and holding chamber was similar to that with a MDI alone. The area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma levels over time was significantly lower for the (S)- than for the (R)-enantiomer-395.5 +/- 141.0 (SE) versus 882.7 +/- 126.4 ng. ml(-)(1). min (p < 0.05)-indicating preferential retention of (S)-albuterol in the lung. The R/S ratio in urine at 0. 5 h after albuterol was > 1, reflecting the higher plasma level of the (R)-enantiomer. In conclusion, preferential retention of the (S)- compared with the (R)-enantiomer in the lung could lead to accumulation of the (S)-enantiomer after long-term use of racemic albuterol.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1999

A case-control study of risk factors for Haemophilus influenzae type B disease in Navajo children.

To understand the potential risk factors and protective factors for invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, we conducted a case-control study among Navajo children less than two years of age resident on the Navajo Nation. We analyzed household interview data for 60 cases that occurred between August 1988 and February 1991, and for 116 controls matched by age, gender, and geographic location. The Hib vaccine recipients were excluded from the analyses. Conditional logistic regression models were fit to examine many variables relating to social and environmental conditions. Risk factors determined to be important were never breast fed (odds ratio [OR] = 3.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52, 8.26), shared care with more than one child less than two years of age (OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 0.91, 5.96); wood heating (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 0.91, 5.05); rodents in the home (OR = 8.18, 95% CI = 0.83, 80.7); and any livestock near the home (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 0.94, 5.04).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Conformationally restricted analogues of nicotine and anabasine.

A series of conformationally restricted analogues of nicotine has been synthesized and evaluated as agonists of neuronal acetylcholine receptors. Compound 2 (SIB-1663), which selectively activated human recombinant alpha 2 beta 4 and alpha 4 beta 4 nAChRs, was shown to be active in animal models of Parkinson's disease and pain.

Anabasine↗
PubMed1998

Pleomorphic fibroma of the eyelid.

BACKGROUND: This report describes the pathology of an unusual variant of fibroma of the eyelid. The soft ovoid tumour was excised from the centre of the left lower lid in an 84-year-old patient had been growing slowly for several years. METHODS: The tumour was studied by conventional histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. RESULTS: The tumor was formed by fibroblasts of spindle and multinucleate type, and the collagenous stroma contained mast cells and blood vessels which exhibited minor inflammatory changes. With the immunohistochemical methods the only positive marker was for vimentin. CONCLUSION: On morphological grounds it was possible to distinguish this extremely rare tumour from other mesenchymal tumours. The presence of distinctive multinucleate giant cells makes the term pleomorphic fibroma an appropriate name for this type of lesion.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Assessing culturally different students for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using behavior rating scales.

Behavior rating scales are commonly used in the assessment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there is little information available concerning the extent to which scales are valid with culturally different students. This study explored the use of the ADHD-IV Rating Scale School Version with male Caucasian (CA) and African American (AA) students from ages 5 to 18 years. Teachers rated AA students higher on all symptoms across all age groups. LISREL analysis indicated that scale does not perform identically across groups. This was supported by the results of multidimensional scaling with suggested that there is a different relation between items across groups. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Vaginal epithelioid angiosarcoma.

A case of epithelioid angiosarcoma of the vagina is described. Only five cases of angiosarcoma at this site have been reported, three of which followed radiotherapy for other gynaecological malignancies. None is described as an epithelioid angiosarcoma, an unusual and recently described variant which is readily confused with carcinoma. This is thought to be the first reported epithelioid angiosarcoma at this site and highlights the difficulties in diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Inhibition of metallo-beta-lactamases by a series of thiol ester derivatives of mercaptophenylacetic acid.

A series of mercaptophenylacetic acid thiol esters bearing a phenyl substituent adjacent to the carboxylic acid function has been shown to be inhibitors of metallo-beta-lactamases. The inhibition of the Bacteroides fragilis CfiA and Bacillus cereus II metallo-beta-lactamases was Zn2- dependent, greater inhibition being observed at 1 microM ZnSO4 than at 100 microM ZnSO4. Despite this Zn2+ dependency, isothermal titration calorimetry studies illustrated that representative compounds had no detectable affinity for Zn2+ (K > 1 mM). This indicates that their mode of inhibition was not by chelation of the active site Zn2+. Greatest potency was observed against the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia L1 metallo-beta-lactamase with I50 values of between < 1.95 microM and 6 microM and SB-217843 exhibited a similar level of inhibition of this enzyme at 1 and 100 microM Zn2+ (I50 values 5 and 6 microM, respectively). Inhibition of B. cereus II metallo-beta-lactamase by SB-218018 and SB-217782 was competitive with Ki values of 185 microM and 1500 microM, respectively. Therefore, these compounds are specific inhibitors of metallo-beta-lactamases and provide further probes of the active sites of these enzymes.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed1997

Local and distant skin flaps in the reconstruction of vulvar deformities.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of skin flaps in vulvar reconstructive surgery. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed on 207 consecutive flaps on 191 assessable women referred between 1992 and 1996. Outcome measures were wound closure, healing, restoration of coital function, and final result after any secondary revision. RESULTS: Primary closure without tension was possible in all but one instance, and 186 (89.9%) wounds healed by primary intention. Of 146 contractures, 95.8% were reparable by simple sliding flaps (YV advancement or "maple leaf"). Conversely, all the 99 tissue deficits required a pivoting design (random transposition, Martius, pudendal thigh, and gracilis or gluteus myocutaneous flaps). Primary success rates decreased sharply with worsening deformity, underlying disease, and complexity of flap design. There were 65 complications among 42 individuals, and 21 women required subsequent Z plasty or a second flap. Nonetheless, disease was cured and function restored in 178 (93.2%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Sliding or pivoting vulvar flaps are generally reliable. Complex flaps are more difficult, but there are seldom any simpler surgical options.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Efficacy and safety of high-dose rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine in Native American populations.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a rhesus rotavirus tetravalent vaccine (RRV-TV), a rhesus rotavirus monovalent (serotype 1) vaccine (RRV-S1), and placebo in healthy American Indian infants for two rotavirus seasons. STUDY DESIGN: Infants aged 6 to 24 weeks were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind efficacy study. Infants were orally administered RRV-TV (4 x 10(5) plaque-forming units per dose), RRV-S1 (4 x 10(5) plaque-forming units per dose), or placebo at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Stools collected during episodes of gastroenteritis were tested for detection of rotavirus antigen. A total of 1185 infants received at least one dose of a study vaccine or placebo, and 1051 received all three doses according to the protocol. RESULTS: During the first year of surveillance, the estimates of vaccine efficacy (with 95% confidence interval) for preventing rotaviral gastroenteritis were 50% (26, 67) for RRV-TV and 29% (-1, 50) for RRV-S1. In this population only 6% of rotaviral gastroenteritis episodes among placebo recipients were associated with type G1 disease. For severe disease the estimates of vaccine efficacy were higher: 69% (29, 88) for RRV-TV and 48% (-4, 75) for RRV-S1. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that RRV-TV is moderately efficacious in preventing all episodes of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus and is most efficacious against the severe disease characteristic of rotaviral illness.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed1997

Effect of fluoxetine on menstrual cycle length in women with premenstrual dysphoria.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether changes in menstrual cycle length occurred in women who received 20 mg of fluoxetine per day and women who received 60 mg of fluoxetine per day as compared with women who received placebo. METHODS: A two-cycle, single-blind placebo phase was followed by a six-cycle double-blind phase. Only placebo nonresponders were randomized to one of three treatment arms: placebo, fluoxetine 20 mg/day, or fluoxetine 60 mg/day. Cycle length was established using a prospective daily calendar. Cycle-length data from women who completed at least three treatment cycles were used in this analysis. Cycle-length change was defined a priori as cycle lengthening or shortening of 4 days or more (1 or more standard deviations from the mean change between baseline cycles). RESULTS: Eleven of the 62 women receiving 60 mg of fluoxetine per day and seven of the 70 women receiving 20 mg of fluoxetine per day but only one of the 61 women in the placebo group demonstrated cycle-length change at the end of the first treatment cycle (P = .011). In total, 15% of the women in the fluoxetine 60 mg/day group demonstrated a cycle-length change during two of the three observed cycles compared with 6% of the women in the fluoxetine 20 mg/day group and 3% of the women in the placebo group (P = .048). Women with cycle-length changes demonstrated either shortening or lengthening only. There were no differences between the number of women with changes in either direction. CONCLUSION: Cycle-length change occurred more frequently in the fluoxetine 60 mg/day group than in the fluoxetine 20 mg/day or placebo groups. The effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on menstrual cycle length are mostly unknown and warrant careful monitoring in women of reproductive age, who are the prime consumers of these medications.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of two regimens of feeding and oral electrolyte solutions in infants with diarrhea.

BACKGROUND: Glucose-based oral rehydration solutions (ORS) available in the United States do not appear to reduce the severity or duration of diarrhea. The use of cereal-derived ORS and cereal-based feedings appears to diminish the severity of illness in studies conducted in the developing world. To our knowledge, no controlled trials of cereal-derived ORS or cereal-based feedings have been performed in the United States. METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blind trial of two ORS feeding regimens in outpatients with diarrhea. Patients aged 2-13 months with acute watery diarrhea were enrolled. Subjects received standard glucose-based ORS in alternation with soy-based, lactose-free infant formula (Group 1) or rice syrup solid containing ORS in alternation with rice-based, lactose-free infant formula (Group 2). Subjects were visited at home daily to determine the severity of illness and characteristics of the stool. RESULTS: After the first 2 days, significantly more Group 1 subjects continued to have diarrhea than did Group 2 subjects (median duration of diarrhea 3 vs. 2 days) as demonstrated by Kaplan-Meier survival curves (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: We conclude that infants fed a regimen consisting of rice syrup solid containing ORS and rice formula resolved their diarrhea sooner than did infants fed a regimen of standard glucose-based ORS and formula. The relative contributions of ORS and formula to this more rapid recovery can be elucidated by further studies.

Diarrhea, Infantile↗
PubMed1997

Role of certain virulence factors in a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus arthritis.

The susceptibility of male Swiss white mice (MF1) to Staphylococcus aureus-induced arthritis was investigated with wild-type strain allelic replacement mutants. Comparison was made with a known mouse arthritogenic strain. The development and severity of arthritis were dependent both on the numbers of live bacteria injected intravenously and also on the mutant used; the ID50 ranged from (5 X 10(6))-(1 x 10(8)) cfu. The results indicate that expression of the genes associated with virulence, including those for protein A and alpha-haemolysin, play a major role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal septic arthritis. When either virulence component was carried by the S. aureus variant, a greater degree of inflammation, pannus formation and cartilage destruction was detected histologically. Loss of one or more virulence factors lowered the septic arthritis severity score based on clinical and histological parameters.

Animals↗