Nutritive value of heated vegetable oils.
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Dietary Fats↗
Biomedical subjects
R Rajagopalan
Publications and source records attributed to R Rajagopalan.
'Wiring' of lactate oxidase within a low-redox potential electron-conducting hydrogel.
Lactate electrodes based on electron-conducting hydrogels made by cross-linking lactate oxidase and the redox polymer formed upon complexing polyvinyl imidazole with [Os(dmo-bpy)2Cl]+/2+ (dmo-bpy = 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine) on vitreous carbon electrode surfaces were investigated. The redox potential of the hydrogels was -69 mV, versus the standard calomel electrode (SCE), and their lactate electro-oxidation current reached a plateau at +50 mV (SCE). Urate and acetaminophen were not electro-oxidized at this potential at rates that would interfere with the lactate assays, but ascorbate was catalytically oxidized by the gel. At 6 mM lactate concentration, switching of the atmosphere from argon to O2, reduced the current by 40 percent, showing that the rate of electron transfer from the reduced enzyme to the gel was slow.
Cross-Linking Reagents↗
Practical issues in conducting pharmacoeconomic studies.
Many difficulties are inherent to pharmacoeconomic studies. Because these studies are observational, there are many factors that cannot be controlled; for example, there are many variations across the country in the practice of any particular therapy. Therefore, designing a case report form that will match the source documents from various investigator sites is not easy. Issues arise in every activity such as choice of investigator site, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the results. These issues will be discussed, and an example of a pharmacoeconomic study conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of patch testing in patients diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis will be presented.
Clinical Trials as Topic↗
Novel phthalazinone and benzoxazinone containing thiazolidinediones as antidiabetic and hypolipidemic agents.
We report here the synthesis of a series of 5-[4-[2-[substituted phthalazinones-2(or 4)yl]ethoxy]phenylmethyl]thiazolidine-2,4-diones and 5-[4-[2-[2,3-benzoxazine-4-one-2-yl]ethoxy]phenylmethyl]thiazolidine-2,4-diones and their plasma glucose and plasma triglyceride lowering activity in db/db mice. In vitro PPARgamma transactivation assay was performed in HEK 293T cells. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies showed that the phthalazinone analogue has better activity. PHT46 (compound 5a), the best compound in this series, showed better in vitro PPARgamma transactivation potential than troglitazone and pioglitazone. In insulin resistant db/db mice, PHT46 showed better plasma glucose and triglyceride lowering activity than the standard drugs. Pharmacokinetic study in Wistar rats showed good systemic exposure of PHT46. Subchronic toxicity study in Wistar rats did not show any treatment-related adverse effect.
Animals↗
Preparation, characterization, and biological evaluation of technetium(V) and rhenium(V) complexes of novel heterocyclic tetradentate N3S ligands.
Various tetradentate N3S ligands which contain pyridyl, morpholino, or imidazolyl moieties were prepared and labeled with technetium and rhenium. Metal complexation of the ligands occurred efficiently over the pH range from 2 to 11. Ligands possessing the S-THP (tetrahydropyranyl)-protected mercapto group labeled efficiently even under alkaline conditions, and among the three types of heterocyclic metal complexes, a marked difference in stability was observed; rhenium complexes decomposed to ReO4 whereas technetium complexes decomposed to TcO2/TcO4. In general, imidazolyl complexes of both technetium and rhenium were very stable in saline; less than 10% decomposition after 24 h. The technetium histidyl complex and technetium pyridyl complex were quite stable even under cysteine challenge; less than 10% decomposition after 24 h. The rhenium and technetium morpholino complexes were very unstable; greater than 10% decomposition after only 1 h in saline and greater than 25% decomposition in 1 h under cysteine challenge. Profound pharmacokinetic differences among these metal complexes were also observed in rat biodistribution studies. The neutral pyridyl complexes exhibited high blood and liver uptake and slow clearance from these tissues. The replacement of a hydroxyl group by a carboxyl group, which resulted in an anionic complex at physiological pH, resulted in a dramatic decrease in blood and liver uptake. The neutral imidazolyl complex exhibited marked reduction in blood uptake and much faster clearance from blood and liver compared to the neutral pyridyl complex. Finally, the anionic histidyl complex, which contains both the imidazolyl and carboxyl groups, had the most favorable pharmacokinetic properties in that it exhibited very low blood, liver, and kidney uptakes and a rapid clearance from the body via the renal system. The combination of the high stability and favorable pharmacokinetic properties of the imidazolyl complexes should render them useful for targeted delivery of the medically important isotopes.
Animals↗
Andrographolide, a potential cancer therapeutic agent isolated from Andrographis paniculata.
Andrographis paniculata plant extract is known to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. Andrographolide, the major constituent of the extract is implicated towards its pharmacological activity. We studied the cellular processes and targets modulated by andrographolide treatment in human cancer and immune cells. Andrographolide treatment inhibited the in vitro proliferation of different tumor cell lines, representing various types of cancers. The compound exerts direct anticancer activity on cancer cells by cell-cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase through induction of cell-cycle inhibitory protein p27 and decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Immunostimulatory activity of andrographolide is evidenced by increased proliferation of lymphocytes and production of interleukin-2. Andrographolide also enhanced the tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and CD marker expression, resulting in increased cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against cancer cells, which may contribute for its indirect anticancer activity. The in vivo anticancer activity of the compound is further substantiated against B16F0 melanoma syngenic and HT-29 xenograft models. These results suggest that andrographolide is an interesting pharmacophore with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and hence has the potential for being developed as a cancer therapeutic agent.
Andrographis↗
Improved quality and continuity of outpatient care with the use of a nurse practitioner--a study of adult women patients with urinary tract infection.
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Adult↗
Anaphylactic reactions to chymopapain during general anesthesia: a case report.
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Anaphylaxis↗
Fournier's gangrene.
Fournier's gangrene was traditionally thought to arise spontaneously. More recently, cases with urological, perianal or systemic predisposing causes have been reported. This report describes four cases of Fournier's gangrene, all associated with a predisposing cause: two with diabetes mellitus, two secondary to urinary tract pathologies, and one secondary to an infected wound after an inguinal herniorrhaphy.
Aged↗