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R R Mize

Publications and source records attributed to R R Mize.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Pre- and postnatal expression of amino acid neurotransmitters, calcium binding proteins, and nitric oxide synthase in the developing superior colliculus.

Neurons within the superior colliculus (SC) contain a variety of neurochemicals, including the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate, the calcium binding proteins calbindin and parvalbumin, and the neuromodulator nitric oxide. We have examined the development of expression of these substances using antibody immunocytochemistry. These results are summarized in Fig. 10. GABA and calbindin are expressed very early in development, at a time when cells are still dividing and migrating from the subventricular zone. The expression of both GABA and CB is maximal at around E40-46, the age at which these cells have just established their adult lamination and extrinsic afferents have begun to grow into the tectum. GABA and CB likely play diverse roles during this stage of development, including the regulation of intracellular calcium during cell migration and neurite outgrowth. Glutamate is expressed somewhat later in development while parvalbumin immunoreactivity does not appear until shortly after birth. These two substances continue to increase in density throughout the period of postnatal growth, at a time when synapse formation and evoked electrical activity are beginning to develop. Both PV and glutamate may be involved in one or both of these activity-dependent processes. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is expressed at different times in different cell groups. NOS appears very early in prenatal development in cells within the SVZ and in the deep gray layer of SC. On the other hands, cells within the intermediate gray layer of SC do not express NOS until shortly before birth. The igl cells that express NOS at this age are clustered neurons similar to those that project to the CFR in the adult. NOS expression occurs in these cells at precisely the time when axons begin to form patches that innervate these clusters. Based upon this temporal correlation, we hypothesize that nitric oxide may regulate synapse formation in this cell group.

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PubMed1996

Neurochemical microcircuitry underlying visual and oculomotor function in the cat superior colliculus.

The cat superior colliculus (SC) plays an important role in visual and oculomotor functions, including the initiation of saccadic eye movements. We have studied the organization of neurochemical specific circuits in SC that underly these functions. In this chapter we have reviewed three microcircuits that can be identified by cell type, chemical content, and synaptic input from specific afferents. The first is located within the upper sgl and is related to the W retinal pathway to this region of SC. This circuit includes relay and interneurons that contain the calcium binding protein calbindin (CB), GABA containing presynaptic dendrites, and retinal terminals that have a distribution and size typical of W retinal terminals in the cat SC. This circuit is a typical synaptic triad that mediates feedforward inhibition, possibly to regulate outflow of the W pathway to the lateral geniculate nucleus. CB neurons in SC and other structures may be uniquely related to low threshold calcium currents in these neurons. The second microcircuit consists of neurons that contain parvalbumin (PV), another calcium binding protein. These neurons are located in a dense tier with the deep sgl and upper ol and they receive input from retinal terminals that are likely from 'Y' retinal ganglion cells. Some of these neurons also project to the lateral posterior nucleus and some colocalize glutamate. We speculate that these neurons also receive cortical 'Y' input although we have yet to prove this experimentally. The role of PV in these cells is unknown, but PV has been shown to be contained in fast spiking, non-accomodating neurons in visual cortex which have very rapid spike discharges that are also characteristic of SC neurons innervated by 'Y' input. The third microcircuit consists of a group of clustered neurons within the igl of the cat SC that overlaps the patch-like innervation of afferents to this region that come from the pedunculopontine tegmental and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclie, the substantia nigra, and the cortical frontal eye fields. These clustered neurons project through the tectopontobulbar pathway and terminate within the cuneiform region (CFR) of the midbrain tegmentum. They transiently express NOS during development. Ongoing studies in our laboratory suggest that these cells receive synaptic inputs directly from the PPTN and SN and may represent functional modules involved in the initiation of saccadic eye movements.

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PubMed1994

GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons in the nucleus of the optic tract project to the superior colliculus: an ultrastructural retrograde tracer and immunocytochemical study in the rabbit.

Both the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the superior colliculus (SC) are thought to play important roles in the regulation of eye movements. The superior colliculus contributes to visual orientation and saccades, and the nucleus of the optic tract contributes to the detection of slow movements of the visual surround. Recently, a GABAergic projection has been described between these two nuclei in the cat, a species with frontal vision. The present study aimed at determining whether a similar GABAergic pathway exists in the rabbit, a species with lateral vision. To study this pathway we used the retrograde tracer cholera-toxin (CTB) to identify NOT neurons projecting to the SC and GABA-antibody immunostaining to identify GABA-containing neurons and processes. CTB injections into the superficial laminae of the SC showed that GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons in the NOT project to the SC. Both types of neurons have structural characteristics similar to other projection neurons in the NOT. In contrast to the NOT neurons projecting to the inferior olive (IO) which are mainly located in the rostral NOT, the GABAergic and non-GABAergic NOT-SC neurons are situated throughout the nucleus. The somata and principal dendrites of both neuron types receive numerous synaptic contacts from GABAergic terminals and only a few from retinals. The NOT projection neurons to the SC thus establish prominent excitatory and inhibitory links between the two structures, suggesting the existence of separate circuits that could interact through a GABAergic and non-GABAergic NOT-SC projection. It is further suggested that these circuits may be involved in the regulation of saccades in the SC during optokinetic nystagmus.

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PubMed1994

Ultrastructural organization of GABA in the rabbit superior colliculus revealed by quantitative postembedding immunocytochemistry.

We have studied the organization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic profiles in the superior colliculus of the rabbit to determine whether the synaptic types found in cat and monkey also exist in a mammalian species whose visual system has a different organization. Ultrastructure of GABAergic profiles was examined by use of a polyclonal antibody to GABA and quantitative postembedding immunocytochemistry. Three distinct types of vesicle-containing profiles were labeled by the GABA antibody in the rabbit superior colliculus. One type was a putative presynaptic dendrite (PSD profile) that received synaptic input from other profiles and contained pleomorphic synaptic vesicles scattered throughout the profile. These PSD profiles frequently received retinal input and formed dendrodendritic synapses. A second type of profile was a large caliber dendrite, often horizontal in orientation (H profile), that had one or more discrete clusters of pleomorphic synaptic vesicles at sites of synaptic contact with conventional dendrites. These H profiles received few synaptic contacts. A third profile type was a putative axon terminal (F profile) with smaller, more flattened synaptic vesicles that densely and uniformly filled the profile. Quantitative analysis of gold particle density revealed that F profiles had a significantly higher gold particle density (14.3/microns 2) than did PSD or H profiles (10.4 and 10.2/microns 2), suggesting that GABAergic profile types contain different concentrations of GABA. The vesicle density of these profile types also differed, but no obvious relationship between vesicle and particle distributions was observed. We conclude that the profiles labeled by GABA in rabbit superior colliculus are similar to those in cat and monkey and must represent a phylogenetically conserved organization common to many mammals, and that particle density analysis of postembedding immunocytochemistry can distinguish different GABAergic profile types.

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PubMed1994

Semiautomatic image analysis for grain counting in in situ hybridization experiments.

We have developed a computer image analysis procedure for counting autoradiographic grains in in situ hybridization experiments. The procedure automatically estimates the number of autoradiographic grains over cells and measures cell number and size so that grain density per unit cell area can be calculated. Advantages include the clear separation of grains and cells, using chromatic and spatial filters to enhance the image; the use of gray level operators to extract cells from grains; and the use of binary operators for separating apposed or partially overlapping cells and grains. Comparison of manual and automated grain counts revealed a significant correlation between human and computer estimations of grain number. However, the automatic grain counting technique consistently underestimated the number of grains when grain density was high. Measures of the fractional area occupied by grains normalized by the average area of a single grain were a better estimate at high grain densities. The procedure can be modified easily to operate on most image analyzers.

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PubMed1994

Semiquantitative analysis of in-situ hybridization results using IMAGE software: a rapid method for counting reduced silver grains over mRNA-positive cells.

The advent of microcomputers has brought about a revolution in the computing power available to the average user. Image analysis is a very resource-intensive process, making great demands on computing power, memory, and display capabilities of most computers. Thus, in the past, dedicated, single-use hardware and software had to be custom made for environments requiring image analysis. We present here an easy-to-use image analysis protocol available to most users with a Macintosh II series computer and access to IMAGE (a public domain image analysis program). The protocol allows for semi-quantitation of silver grains over cells used in the interpretation of in-situ hybridization results. We show that the method provides a quick and reliable means of counting grains over mRNA-positive cells in an automated fashion. We also provide evidence that the method can be used to detect differences between experimental treatments.

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PubMed1994

Quantitative image analysis for immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization.

Image analysis hardware, software, and procedures are described for analysis of tissue reacted for antibody immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. A Magiscan image analyzer is used to process images viewed with a light microscope. LUT functions, spatial filters (parabola) and gray level convolutions (sharpen, laplacian, mexican hat) are applied in order to extract immunoreaction product or autoradiographic grains. These objects are then thresholded and binary operators (erosion, dilation, separation) are applied to separate closely apposed objects. Measurements routines are used to estimate the optical density and size of labeled profiles or to count grains and compute grain density per profile. A JEOL 1210 electron microscope is used to view tissue treated for post-embedding immunochemistry. Digital images are captured with a Kodak 1K CCD camera, archived, transported across a local area network, stored on optical disks and analyzed on a MacIntosh IIci. NIH Image is used to process these images. Results show that the optical density of GABA antibody labeling is reduced by monocular deprivation, that substance P mRNA hybridization labeling is increased by scopolamine, and that retinal terminals are densely labeled by antibodies to glutamate. These techniques are thus useful for measuring the amount of change in labeling after experimental manipulations and for distinguishing labeled from unlabeled profiles.

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PubMed1993

Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive patches overlap specific efferent cell groups in the cat superior colliculus.

Fibers containing acetylcholine (ACh) form distinct patches in the dorsal intermediate gray layer (IGL) of the cat superior colliculus (SC). Although these patches are known to overlap several afferent projections to SC, it is not known whether they are associated with specific postsynaptic cell groups. We have examined the relationship of these ACh fiber patches to specific efferent cell groups by combining retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry. Successful HRP injections were made into the predorsal bundle (PB), the tecto-pontine-bulbar pathway (TPB) and the cuneiform region (CFR), the inferior olive (IO), the dorsolateral pontine gray nucleus (PGD), and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN). The distribution of HRP-labeled neurons which project to these targets was mapped by a computer-based microscope plotter. Distinct clusters of HRP-labeled neurons in the IGL were seen after three injections into the mesencephalic reticular formation that involved the caudal TPB and cuneiform region (CFR), and after one injection into the medial accessory nucleus of IO. As many as seven clusters of labeled neurons were found in some sections through the caudal one-half of SC after the TPB/CFR injections. Each cluster consisted of 3-20 cells, all of which were small to medium in size. In sections also tested for ChAT, the cell clusters in the TPB/CFR cases were found to overlap precisely the ACh patches in the IGL. In addition, SC neurons projecting to the IO formed clusters above the ChAT patches and in the intermediate white layer (IWL) of SC. None of the other HRP injections produced any obvious cell clusters in the deep layers of SC. These results are the first to show that specific cell groups, distinguished by size and projection site, form clusters that match the patch-like innervation of cholinergic afferents to SC. This modular organization may correspond to saccade-related cells that have also been reported to be organized into clusters in the cat SC.

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PubMed1993

Organization and synaptic connections of cholinergic fibers in the cat superior colliculus.

The cat superior colliculus (SC) receives a dense cholinergic input from three brainstem nuclei, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus, and the parabigeminal nucleus (PBG). The tegmental inputs project densely to the intermediate gray layer (IGL) and sparsely to the superficial layers. The PBG input probably projects only to the superficial layers. In the present study, the morphology of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive axons and synaptic endings in the superficial and deep layers of the SC was examined by light and electron microscopy to determine whether these cholinergic afferents form different types of synapses in the superficial and deep layers. Two types of fibers were found within the zonal (ZL) and upper superficial gray layers (SGL): small diameter fibers with few varicosities and larger diameter fibers with numerous varicosities. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a bimodal distribution of axon diameters, with one peak at approximately 0.3-0.5 micron and the other at 0.9-1.0 micron. On the other hand, ChAT-immunoreactive fibers in the IGL were almost all small and formed discrete patches within the IGL. Two types of ChAT-immunoreactive synaptic profiles were observed within the ZL and upper SGL using the electron microscope. The first type consisted of small terminals containing predominantly round synaptic vesicles and forming asymmetric synaptic contacts, mostly on dendrites. The second type was comprised of varicose profiles that also contained round synaptic vesicles. Their synaptic contacts were always symmetric in profile. ChAT-immunoreactive terminals in the IGL patches contained round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, and the postsynaptic densities varied from symmetric to asymmetric, including intermediate forms. However, no large varicose profiles were observed. This study suggests that cholinergic fibers include at least two different synaptic morphologies: small terminals with asymmetric thickenings and large varicose profiles with symmetric terminals. The large varicose profile in the superficial layers is absent in the IGL. This result suggests that the cholinergic inputs that innervate the superficial layers and the patches in the IGL of the cat SC differ in their synaptic organization and possibly also in their physiological actions.

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PubMed1992

The calcium binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin-D 28K form complementary patterns in the cat superior colliculus.

Parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin-D 28K (CaBP) are calcium binding proteins involved in calcium regulation in the brain. In some regions they coexist in the same neuron, while in other regions they are found in different cell types. We have studied the distribution and morphology of PV labeled neurons in the cat superior colliculus (SC) with antibody immunocytochemistry and compared this labeling to that of CaBP. PV neurons were concentrated in a dense tier within the deep superficial gray and upper optic layers. Scattered PV neurons also were found within the deep layers of SC. By contrast, CaBP neurons were concentrated in three tiers: one within the zonal and upper superficial gray layers, a second within the deep optic and upper intermediate gray layers (IGL), and a third within the deep gray layer. The distribution of PV neurons is thus complementary to that of CaBP neurons, with the CaBP cell tiers bordering the dense tier of PV neurons. PV neurons varied in size and morphology. The average diameter of labeled cells was 20 microns, almost twice the size of CaBP neurons. The cells were predominantly round, vertical fusiform, or stellate, and included the very large neurons found scattered in the IGL. Horseradish peroxidase injections into the lateral geniculate nucleus, the lateral posterior nucleus, the opposite superior colliculus, the dorsal lateral pontine gray nucleus, and two descending pathways--the crossed predorsal bundle and the tecto-ponto-bulbar tracts--each labeled SC neurons that were also labeled by PV. A large percentage (84%) of projection neurons contained PV. This result also differs from CaBP neurons in SC, most of which are interneurons. Two antigen double-label experiments did not produce any cells that contained both PV and CaBP. The two calcium binding proteins thus reveal a unique sublaminar organization in SC that consists of alternating small cell interneuron groups and large cell projection neuron groups.

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PubMed1992

The organization of GABAergic neurons in the mammalian superior colliculus.

GABA is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian superior colliculus. As in the lateral geniculate nucleus, GABA immunoreactive neurons in SC are almost all small and are distributed throughout the structure in all mammalian species studied to date. Unlike the LGN, GABA-labeled neurons in SC have a variety of morphologies. These cells have been best characterized in cat, where horizontal and two granule cell morphologies have been identified. Horizontal cells give rise to one class of presynaptic dendrite while granule C cells give rise to another class of spine-like presynaptic dendrite. Granule A cells may be the origin of some GABAergic axon terminals. GABA containing synaptic profiles form serial synapses, providing a possible substrate for disinhibition. The distribution of GABAA and GABAB receptor subtypes appears similar to that of GABA neurons, with the densest distribution found within the superficial gray layer. However, antibody immunocytochemistry of the beta 2 and beta 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor reveals that it is located at both synaptic and non-synaptic sites, and may be associated with membrane adjacent to terminals with either flattened or round vesicles. A few GABA containing neurons in SC colocalize the pentapeptide leucine enkephalin or the calcium binding protein calbindin. However, none appear to co-localize parvalbumin, a situation different from GABA containing interneurons in the LGN and visual cortex. The diversity of GABA neurons in SC rivals that found in visual cortex, although unlike visual cortex, the pattern of co-occurrence does not distinguish GABA cell types in SC. The superior colliculus also differs from both LGN and visual cortex in that GABA and calbindin immunoreactivity is not altered by either long-term occlusion and/or short-term enucleation in adult Rhesus monkeys. No consistent differences have been found in the optical density of GABA labeling in either cells or neuropil. To conclude, GABA neurons in the superior colliculus share some properties like those in LGN and others like those in visual cortex. In other properties, they differ from GABA neurons in both the LGN and visual cortex. The GABA systems in the superior colliculus are similar in all mammalian species studied, suggesting that they are phylogenetically conserved systems which are not amenable to plastic alterations, a situation different to that in the geniculostriate system.

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PubMed1992

Visual deprivation fails to reduce calbindin 28kD or GABA immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey superior colliculus.

Antibody labeling of the calcium-binding protein calbindin 28kD (CaBP) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is altered by short-term monocular deprivation in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex of adult primates. It is not known whether these alterations occur in other subcortical visual structures. We therefore have examined antibody labeling to CaBP and GABA in the superior colliculus (SC) of visually deprived Rhesus monkeys. One group was monocularly enucleated as adults. The other monkeys experienced different types of monocular and binocular deprivation from birth, including occlusion of one eye, and/or surgically induced aphakia, optically corrected with extended-wear contact lenses, or an intraocular lens implant. Some of these monkeys also had one eye enucleated prior to perfusion. In the SC of normal monkeys, CaBP-immunoreactive neurons formed three laminar tiers within SC, one within the zonal layer (ZL) and upper superficial gray layer (SGL), another bridging the optic and intermediate gray layers, and a third within the deep gray layer. CaBP neurons within the upper tier had small pyriform or stellate morphologies while those in the deeper tiers were slightly larger neurons, most with a stellate morphology. GABA-immunoreactive neurons were densely distributed within the SGL and more sparsely distributed within the deeper layers. These cells were mostly small neurons with horizontal, pyriform, or stellate morphologies. Neither monocular enucleation nor occlusion nor aphakia combined with continuous occlusion of the fellow eye produced any visible reduction in antibody labeling in cells or neuropil within the SC. Full-field measures of labeling intensity (optical density) within the ZL and upper SGL revealed no consistent differences between the SC contralateral or ipsilateral to the affected eye in either CaBP- or GABA-labeled sections. Measures of the optical density, number, and size of labeled neurons also showed no consistent effects of enucleation and/or occlusion. We therefore conclude that the retino-geniculostriate and retino-collicular systems differ in their response to deprivation which is likely due to the significant overlap of retinal axons from the two eyes that occurs in the SC of the Rhesus monkey.

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PubMed1992

Monocular enucleation reduces immunoreactivity to the calcium-binding protein calbindin 28 kD in the rhesus monkey lateral geniculate nucleus.

The calcium-binding proteins calbindin (CaBP) and parvalbumin (PV) are important in regulating intracellular calcium in brain cells. PV immunoreactivity is reduced by enucleation in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and by enucleation and visual deprivation in the striate cortex of adult monkeys. The effects of enucleation and visual deprivation on CaBP immunoreactivity in the LGN are not known. We therefore have studied cells and neuropil in the LGN that are labeled by antibodies to CaBP in normal and visually deprived Rhesus monkeys to determine if there is an effect on this calcium-binding protein. One group of monkeys had one eye removed 2 weeks to 4.3 years before sacrifice. A second group had one eye occluded with opaque lenses from infancy without enucleation. A final group had one eye occluded long-term followed by short-term enucleation 2 weeks before sacrifice. In normal monkeys, CaBP-immunoreactive neurons were found throughout the LGN. They were sparsely distributed within the six main laminae, and more densely distributed within layer S and the interlaminar zones (ILZ). The labeled ILZ neurons had a distinct morphology, with fusiform somata and elaborate dendritic trees that were confined primarily to the ILZ. Most CaBP-labeled neurons in the main layers had dendrites that radiated in all directions from the soma. ILZ and main layer cells labeled by CaBP thus probably represent two different cell types. Monocular enucleation with or without occlusion produced a significant reduction in antibody labeling in the deafferented laminae. Field measures revealed an average 11.5% reduction in optical density in each deafferented lamina compared to its adjacent, nondeprived layer. The differences in field optical density between deprived and nondeprived layers were statistically significant. CaBP neurons were still visible, but the optical density of antibody labeling in these cells also was reduced. Occlusion without enucleation had no effect. Thus, deafferentation, but not light deprivation, reduces concentrations of CaBP in monkey LGN. This effect is different than that seen in striate cortex of adult monkeys, where visual deprivation as well as enucleation alters CaBP immunoreactivity.

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PubMed1991

The calcium binding protein calbindin-D 28K reveals subpopulations of projection and interneurons in the cat superior colliculus.

The calcium binding protein calbindin-D 28K (CaBP) has been localized in the cat superior colliculus (SC). Four important features of SC organization have been revealed by using CaBP immunocytochemistry. 1) CaBP neurons formed three laminar tiers in SC, one within the upper one half of the superficial gray layer (SGL), the second bridging the deep optic (OL) and intermediate gray layers (IGL), and the third within the deep gray layer (DGL). 2) CaBP labeled several classes of interneuron in SC. In the upper CaBP tier, the labeled neurons were all small, but they varied in morphology and included horizontal, pyriform, and stellate neurons. A unique class of interneuron was labeled by anti-CaBP in the OL-IGL tier. This cell was stellate-like with highly varicose dendrites and broad dendritic trees. Other labeled neurons in the intermediate and deep tiers included nonvaricose stellate neurons and rare large neurons in the DGL. 3) A few anti-CaBP neurons were projection neurons. Virtually no CaBP neurons were retrogradely labeled after injections of HRP into the predorsal bundle and dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum or into the lateral posterior nucleus. However, 2.4% of anti-CaBP neurons were retrogradely labeled after HRP injections into the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. These represented 14.7% of all neurons projecting to the LGN complex. 4) A small percentage of CaBP neurons co-localized GABA. A two-chromagen double-labeling technique showed that about 4.0% of labeled neurons were labeled by both antibodies. In summary, antibodies to CaBP densely labeled subpopulations of neurons in the cat SC, most of which were interneurons, some of which projected to the LGN, and a few of which co-localized GABA.

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PubMed1991

Organization of neurons labeled by antibodies to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the superior colliculus of the Rhesus monkey.

The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is found in the superior colliculus (SC) of many mammalian species. In cat, several distinct classes of putative GABAergic neuron have been identified using antibodies directed against the neurotransmitter. It is not known whether these classes are found in other species. To study this, we examined the distribution, morphology, ultrastructure, and synaptic organization of GABA immunoreactive neurons in the SC of the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Antibody-labeled neurons were distributed throughout the monkey SC, but were most densely concentrated within the zonal and superficial gray layers (32.5% of the total). These neurons were all small cells ranging from 6.6-16.3 microns in average diameter, and had granule, pyriform, and horizontal morphologies. Four types of labeled profile were identified in single ultrathin sections with the electron microscope. Presynaptic dendrites (PSDs) contained pleomorphic vesicles, received synaptic input from unlabeled axon terminals, and sometimes formed symmetric synaptic contacts with postsynaptic profiles. Two subtypes were found. One type contained loose accumulations of synaptic vesicles throughout the profile and had a distinctive varicose shape. The other type contained small discrete clusters of synaptic vesicles near the site of synaptic apposition. The former were much more common. Profiles with typical axon terminal morphology were also found. These profiles usually contained numerous flattened vesicles and formed symmetric synapses with postsynaptic profiles, both dendrites and cell bodies. Some conventional dendrites and myelinated axons were also labeled. Serial ultrathin section reconstructions revealed that PSDs formed complex synaptic relationships with other elements. Retinal terminals, identified by their characteristic pale mitochondria, established synaptic contacts with both types of PSD. These PSDs also established contact with each other, providing a possible anatomical substrate for disinhibition. We conclude that the monkey SC has multiple GABAergic cell types, similar to those found in cat, and may represent an organization common to both mammals and some other vertebrate species. The circuitry established by these cell types may provide a mechanism for disinhibition as well as inhibition in the mammalian SC.

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PubMed1991

A unique neuronal organization in the cat pretectum revealed by antibodies to the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D 28K.

The pretectum is an important center for visual reflexes. However, the location, boundaries, and connections of individual nuclei of the pretectum are incompletely understood. In cat, the traditionally defined nuclear boundaries have been placed in doubt by recent evidence showing that the retinal input to the pretectum forms four continuous projection zones that do not match the cytoarchitectural boundaries of individual pretectal nuclei defined by previous studies. We now show that antibodies to the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D 28K (CaBP) label clusters of neurons within the pretectum that match the zones of retinal termination. Four obvious cell clusters within the pretectum were labeled by CaBP antisera. Computer three-dimensional reconstruction of these cell clusters revealed that they form four distinct but continuous zones that run the rostrocaudal length of the pretectum in a medial-to-lateral direction. By combining anterograde HRP labeling of retinal terminals with CaBP immunocytochemistry, these CaBP-labeled cell clusters were found virtually to overlap the retinal projection zones. The CaBP-labeled neurons included both multipolar and fusiform morphologies, and most were medium- to large-sized cells. HRP retrograde transport studies showed that many CaBP-labeled neurons in the clusters projected to the LGN, while none projected to the inferior olive (IO). GABA-immunoreactive neurons were also found within the CaBP cell clusters, but these neurons were smaller than most CaBP-labeled neurons, and none were retrogradely labeled following HRP injections into the LGN or IO. Two-color antibody double-labeling experiments did not reveal any GABA neurons within the clusters that colocalized CaBP. In summary, calbindin is a precise marker of neuron clusters that overlap the retinal projection zones in the cat pretectum. Many of these CaBP neurons project to the LGN, and none contain GABA.

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PubMed1989

[3H]muscimol labels neurons in both the superficial and deep layers of cat superior colliculus.

We examined the pattern of [3H]muscimol labeling in cat superior colliculus to determine if it matches that of [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]-GABA) labeling or GABA antibody immunoreactivity. Injections in the superficial layers labeled cell bodies in only the superficial layers. Of 204 labeled cells, 68% were located within the upper 200 microns of the superior colliculus, 31% within the deep superficial gray layer, and only 1% below that layer, a pattern similar to that seen with [3H]GABA labeling. By contrast, an injection in the deep layers of the colliculus resulted in cell labeling in both the superficial and deep layers, including 68% in the superficial gray layer, 24% in the optic layer, and 8% in the intermediate and deep gray layers. This pattern approximates that seen with GABA immunocytochemistry. We conclude that the pattern of accumulation of [3H]muscimol depends critically upon the location of the injection and reasonably matches the pattern of GABA immunoreactivity if the injection involves the deep layers of the colliculus.

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