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Biomedical subjects

R R Gorman

Publications and source records attributed to R R Gorman.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Unique aspects of the modulation of human neutrophil function by 12-L-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid.

12-L-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-OOHETE), a labile intermediate generated by the lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid in platelets, and 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10.14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-OHETE), the reduction product of 12-OOHETE, were examined for their effects on human neutrophil function in vitro. 12-OOHETE elicited a maximal neutrophil chemotactic response at 4 microgram/ml, that exceeded by over 50% the maximal chemotactic response to 10-20 microgram/ml of 12-OHETE. Similarly 12-OOHETE was more potent than 12-OHETE in evoking neutrophil chemokinetic responses and in enhancing the expression of C3b receptors on neutrophils. The concentration of guanosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in neutrophils was increased to the same plateau level by 5 ng/ml of 12-OOHETE and by 50 ng/ml of 12-OHETE. Elevations in the concentration of cGMP were maintained for 30 min or longer by a single dose of 12-OOHETE, but fell between 10 and 20 min after the introduction of 12-OHETE. The release of neutrophil lysosomal enzymes by the chemotactic fragments of C5 was augmented substantially by 12-OOHETE, while 12-OHETE had only a marginal effect. The non-chemotactic methyl ester of 12-OHETE failed to inhibit the chemotactic responses to 12-OOHETE at molar ratios that suppressed comparable response to 12-OHETE by 42-86%. Thus 12-OOHETE is more potent than 12-OHETE in the stimulation of some human neutrophil functions and in the elevation of the cellular concentration of cGMP. Furthermore, 12-OOHETE may activate neutrophils by pathways not available to 12-OHETE.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗
PubMed1980

6-keto-prostaglandin E1 is not equipotent to prostacyclin (PGI2) as an antiaggregatory agent.

A direct comparison of the relative potencies of the two antiaggregatory prostaglandins PGI2 and 6-keto-PGE1 showed PGI2 was at least 20 times more potent than 6-keto-PGE1 when tested against ADP-induced human platelet aggregation. This marked difference in potency was even more evident when the ability of PGI2 and 6-keto-PGI2 to stimulate platelet cyclic AMP levels was determined. When cyclic AMP levels were measured direct comparisons were difficult because the respective dose response curves were not parallel, but 10 ng of PGI2 was equivalent to 300 ng of 6-keto-PGE1. PGI2 was also more potent (10-20 times) than 6-keto-PGE1 as a disaggregatory agent, and the disaggregatory activity of both prostaglandins was enhanced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1-methyl-3-isobutylmethylxanthine. PGI2 was also more active than 6-keto-PGE1 as an inhibitor of thrombus formation in dog coronary arteries in vivo. In vivo, 6-keto-PGE1 was at least 10 times less potent thatn PGI2, the exact difference could not be determined because 6-keto-PGE1 caused significant falls in blood pressure before anti-platelet activity could be detected. PGI2 is an intrinsically more potent anti-aggregatory molecule than 6-keto-PGE1, but these data do not rule out the possibility that some of the activities attributed to PGI2 could be the result of the conversin of PGI2 and/or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha to 6-keto-PGE1.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1980

Blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries with platelet thrombi: comparison between its prevention with cyclooxygenase inhibitors versus prostacyclin.

This study shows that in vivo, platelet aggregation occurs by both cyclooxygenase- and noncyclooxygenase-dependent mechanisms, so that blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries still occurs after cyclooxygenase inhibition if the obstruction is severe enough. Prostacyclin prevents blockage of the vessels under all conditions. Furthermore, prostacyclin's ability to block primary aggregation is enhanced after cyclooxygenase inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

PGE1 but not PGI2 desensitizes the PGI2 receptor-adenylate cyclase complex in human foreskin fibroblasts.

In intact cells or in membranes prepared from intact cells that were preincubated with PGE1, subsequent PGI2-stimulation is attenuated. Preincubation of cells with PGI2 does not induce desensitization of PGI2-stimulated adenylate cyclase. These data suggest that HFF cells must be constantly exposed to a biologically active prostaglandin for desensitization to occur. The intrinsic chemical lability of PGI2 may be a biochemical protection mechanism against desensitization in cells that normally respond to PGI2.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1979

Regulatory role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on the platelet cyclooxygenase and platelet function.

Thromboxane A2 plays an important role in arachidonic acid- and prostaglandin H2-induced platelet aggregation. Agents that stimulate platelet adenylate cyclase (prostaglandin I2, prostaglandin I1 and prostaglandin E1) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibit both thromboxane A2 formation and arachidonate-induced aggregation in platelet-rich plasma. Despite complete suppression of aggregation with agents that elevate cyclic AMP, considerable thromboxane A2 is still formed. Prostaglandin H2-induced aggregations which bypass the cyclooxygenase regulatory step are also inhibited by agents that elevate cyclic AMP without any measurable effect on thromboxane A2 production. These data demonstrate that cyclic AMP can inhibit platelet aggregation by a mechanism independent of its ability to suppress the cyclooxygenase enzyme. Parallel experiments with washed platelet preparations suggest that they may be an inadequate model for studying the relationship between the platelet cyclooxygenase and platelet function.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1979

Prevention of blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries with prostacyclin correlates with inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Coronary arteries (circumflex or left anterior descending) of anesthetized dogs were partially obstructed to approximately 5% of the normal lumen size by fitting a plastic cylinder around the vessel. Under these conditions, blood flow in the artery was not maintained but, instead, gradually declined over a few minutes until the vessel was completely blocked. Shaking the plastic obstructor restored blood flow temporarily, however, flow gradually declined again to zero. Sometimes flow was spontaneously restored by immediate increases that occurred at irregular intervals while, on other occasions, blood flow had to be restored by shaking the obstructor every time the rate declined to near zero. Intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2) at 15 to 150 ng/kg/min reversed and prevented the blockage of the coronary arteries. The efficacy of PGI2 in preventing blockage correlated with inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma prepared from blood samples withdrawn from the dogs during PGI2 infusion. Other coronary vasodilators, nitroglycerin and PGE2, that have no antiaggregatory effects, failed to prevent blockage whereas PGE1 and indomethacin, which do block aggregation, also prevented blockage of the vessels. PGI2 or its precursor, PGH2, dripped topically on the obstructed site prevented the blockage of the artery. This local effect of IGI2 could be obtained with amounts too small to cause systemic inhibition of platelet aggregation. The results show that PGI2 prevents blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries and this effect correlates with inhibition of platelet aggregation. Furthermore, the data suggest that locally produced PGI2 may have a local antiaggregatory effect without inhibiting platelet aggregation in the general circulation.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1979

Prostacyclin stimulation of dog arterial cyclic AMP levels.

Prostacyclin (PGI2) dose-dependently increases the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels in canine femoral, carotid, and canine and bovine coronary arteries. The prostacyclin-stimulation is enhanced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and is readily measurable after 60 sec incubation. The prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2, but not PGH1, also elevates cAMP levels in femoral arteries. Inhibition of arterial prostacyclin synthetase with 28 microM 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid (azo analog I) blocks the PGH2-stimulation of cAMP accumulation. Azo analog I does not attenuate a direct PGI2 stimulation, indicating that the PGH2 dependent elevation of cAMP is due to conversion of PGH2 to PGI2 by the artery. PGI2 and PGE1 increase cyclic AMP levels and relax dog femoral and bovine coronary arteries, while PGE2, which actually contracts bovine coronary arteries, has no effect on arterial cyclic AMP levels. The significance of the PGI2-stimulation of arterial cyclic AMP is not known, but it is probably related to relaxation of arterial strips.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Specific inhibition of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic response to hydroxy-fatty acid metabolites of arachidonic acid by methyl ester derivatives.

The human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte chemotactic activity of the hydroxy-fatty acid metabolites of arachidonic acid, 12-l-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) and 12-l-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), is eliminated by methylation. Both methyl esters are specific competitive inhibitors of the PMN leukotactic responses to the parent stimuli, and exert no effect on the responses to formyl-methionyl peptides or chemotactic fragments of the fifth component of complement. 50% inhibition of the in vitro chemotactic responses of PMN leukocytes to HETE and HHT was achieved by an equimolar concentration of the corresponding methyl esters, whereas reciprocal cross-inhibition was observed at molar ratios of HETE methyl ester to HHT and HHT methyl ester to HETE which reflected the three- to fivefold greater chemotactic potency of HETE relative to HHT. Methyl esters of structurally related, but nonchemotactic, fatty acids did not competitively inhibit the chemotaxis elicited by HETE or HHT. The intraperitoneal injection of HETE in guinea pigs evoked an eosinophil response at 30 min and a neutrophil response at 5 h, which were prevented by a one-to twofold molar ratio of HETE methyl ester. The competitive inhibition of the in vitro chemotactic activity and the in vivo leukotactic effect of the unsaturated hydroxy-fatty acids by homologous methyl ester derivatives suggests that the cellular component of natural inflammatory reactions may be susceptible to specific regulation by receptor-directed modulation of the activity of the predominant chemotactic principles.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1979

Evidence for distinct prostaglandin I2 and D2 receptors in human platelets.

Incubation of human platelet-rich plasma with prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), results in a marked increase in adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) that persists for at least 60 min. The persistent stimulation of cAMP levels by PGI2 can be rapidly reversed by the addition of either prostaglandin E1 or E2 (PGE1, PGE2), but not by prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Studies of agonist-specific desensitization of cAMP accumulation show that PGE1 or PGE2 can desensitize for subsequent PGE or PGI2 activation, and that subthreshold levels of PGI2 desensitize for subsequent PGE1 stimulation. PGD2 desensitizes for consequent PGD2 activation, but not for PGE1, PGE2 or PGI2, and PGE compounds and PGI2 do not desensitize for subsequent PGD2 activation. Agonist-specific desensitization for PGI2 is not dependent on cAMP accumulation, but appears to be a consequence of receptor occupation. Support of the desensitization experiments was obtained through the use of the prostaglandin antagonist N-0164 [sodium-p-benzyl-4-[-oxo-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-phenyl-propyl]phenyl phosphonate). This compound proved to be a potent antagonist of PGD2 and a weak antagonist of PGI2-stimulated cAMP accumulation. These data indicate that human platelets have distinct pharmacological receptors for both PGI2 and PGD2, and that PGE compounds may actually interact with a PGI2 receptor.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of imidazole and 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid. Two selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitors.

Two selective thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitors, imidazole and 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid (azo analog I) were compared to determine their effects on the quantitative formation of thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 accompanying human platelet aggregation. Azo analog I was at least 200 times more potent, on a molar basis, than imidazole in suppressing thromboxane B2 formation in either platelet-rich plasma or washed platelet suspensions aggregated with arachidonic acid or prostaglandin H2. The inhibitors differed in their effect on the aggregation response itself. Azo analog I selectively suppressed thromboxane A2 formation with an accompanying, parallel, suppression of the platelet aggregation. Imidazole selectively suppressed thromboxane A2 formation, but only suppressed the accompanying aggregation in platelet rich plasma, and not washed platelet suspensions. The results indicate that azo analog I functions by competitive inhibition of prostaglandin H2 on the thromboxane synthetase, and that imidazole, while it suppresses thromboxane A2 formation, may have an associated agonist activity that enhances platelet aggregation. The data presented support this hypothesis, and they emphasize the importance of thromboxane A2 in arachidonate mediated platelet aggregation.

Arachidonic Acids↗