Serological dissection of a chicken onco-developmental antigen.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
R R Dietert
Publications and source records attributed to R R Dietert.
Evidence for multiple cell surface chicken fetal-leukemic antigens (CFA) in the developing chick and other avian species.
Chicken fetal antigen (CFA), a membrane antigen present on fetal chicken red blood cells is lost with chicken development, and reappears on the red blood cells of leukemic chickens. Seven avian species were found to possess CFA. A species hierarchy comparing the quantitative expression of CFA has been established. The levels of CFA expression with development are compared in the chicken and Japanese quail. Specific adsorptions of R-anti-CFA with avian red blood cells revealed the existence of multiple CFAs. Four groups of antigenic determinants (CFA a,b,c,d) have been characterized and defined by their expression among avian species. Multiple CFA determinants are discussed with regard to possible membrane alterations and gene function.
Animals↗
The effects of MHC chromosome dosage on bursal B-cell subpopulations in embryonic and neonatal chickens.
The effect of MHC dosage on the population structure of developing bursal lymphocytes was studied in the Trisomic strain of chickens. These chickens contain either 2 (disomic), 3 (trisomic), or 4 (tetrasomic) copies of the MHC-encoding chromosome. To assess the developmental profile of bursal cell populations, bursal cells were characterized in the older embryo (18 days of incubation) and at two neonatal ages (1 day and 1 week post hatch) by a number of cellular parameters. Both transient and persistent alterations in cellular composition were revealed in the bursal subpopulations of trisomics and tetrasomics (aneuploids). Aneuploid bursal cells showed increased cell surface expression of MHC class II Ia antigen, at each age, compared to normal disomic cells. Aneuploid cell populations showed an increased incidence of small cells, at each age, a decreased incidence of Ia+ and IgM+ cells during late embryogenesis, and an increased incidence of IgG+ cells in the late embryo and 1-day-old chick. Significantly fewer proliferating cells were observed in the aneuploids, as compared to disomics, in the late embryo and 1-week-old chick. Three subpopulations were observed to be persistently altered in the MHC-aneuploids: an increased pool of Ia , small, IgM+ cells; a decreased pool of Ia+, large, IgM+ cells; and a decreased pool of Ia+, large, IgM- cells. Thus, increasing MHC-chromosome dosage is accompanied by specific alterations in B-cell differentiation. The elevated surface Ia antigen expression found on developing aneuploid B cells may play a role in these alterations.
Aneuploidy↗
MHC coded B-G homodimer and heterodimer heterogeneity among different chicken lines.
Chicken lines were classified into six distinct groups based on expression of B-G molecules by peripheral red blood cells (RBC). In addition to the previously reported 48 kD subunits of homodimeric B-G molecules, subunits of 60, 40, and possibly 20 kD were detected in certain of the chicken lines. Several of the chicken lines express the previously reported 40 and 44 kD subunits of heterodimeric B-G molecules; however, B21B21 chickens expressed 44 kD subunits only and B5B5 and B13B13 chickens did not express detectable levels of any heterodimeric-related molecules. These studies provide further evidence for the polymorphic nature of the B-G antigens.
Animals↗
Genetic segregation and developmental phasing of chick fetal-leukemic antigen.
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Animals↗
Identification of a galactose-like component of a chicken onco-developmental antigen.
The chemical nature of one determinant (CFA 10) of a chicken onco-developmental antigen system was investigated using both chemical modification of cell surfaces and hapten inhibition. The presence of CFA 10 on pigeon RBC's is restricted both by the developmental status of the bird and by genetic segregation within the species. The involvement of a galactose-like structure with this determinant was suggested by the ability of alpha-galactosidase, sodium-m-periodate, and galactose oxidase to destroy CFA-10 activity. Other glycosidases including beta-galactosidase and proteolytic digestion failed to alter the antigenic determinant. Sugar inhibition assays using monospecific antisera against CFA 10 verified both the galactose-like specificity of the determinant and the possible significance of an alpha- vs. beta-internal linkage. It was possible to unmask cryptic CFA-10 sites on pigeon (10-) RBC's with use of specific glycosidases. While these cryptic sites also were susceptible to alpha-galactosidase, they may not be identical to the naturally exposed CFA 10 sites on pigeon (10+) RBC's. When pigeon (10-) RBC's were incubated in vitro with serum from 10+ pigeons, CFA 10 was detectable on the RBC surface. It is suggested that one mechanism of controlling the presence of CFA 10 on pigeon RBC's may be developmental changes in gene expression mediated through the serum environment.
Animals↗
Leukocyte cell populations in hereditary muscular dystrophic chickens.
Adult hereditary muscular dystrophic (MD) chickens were compared with normal chickens for properties of the reticuloendothelial and lymphoid systems. Storrs strain MD chickens exhibited elevated levels of blood heterophils with reduced lymphocytes compared with normal Hyline SC strain chickens. Of the lymphocytes, MD chickens possessed a greater incidence of E-rosette forming cells than were present in SC adults. Similarly, MD spleens possessed more adherent cells with a greater incidence of heterophils than were found in SC chickens. This difference also extended to the peritoneal cavity. Recruitment of peritoneal exudate cells into the cavity with Sephadex stimulation led to a greater incidence of heterophils at the expense of macrophages in MD compared with SC chickens. These findings are discussed in light of the recent detection of a specialized adherent suppressor cell population in MD chickens, and with reference to the muscle disease.
Alleles↗
Heterochromatin staining pattern of quail-chicken hybrid lymphocytes.
Feulgen-Rossenbeck staining of lymphoid cells of quail-chicken hybrids in histologic sections revealed a pattern of heterochromatin arrangement distinguishable from that of either parental type. During interphase, hybrid lymphocytes exhibited combined characteristics of both the parental quail and the parental chicken. Hybrid heterochromatin was arranged in a large central mass as in the quail and in fairly evenly distributed small chromacenters around the periphery of the nucleus similar to the arrangement in the chicken. It is suggested that this pattern of staining can be used as a marker for hybrid cells in studies of genetic interactions.
Animals↗
Chicken developmental antigens in 15I5-B-congenic lines.
Six partially developed 15I5-B-congenic lines of chickens were used to assess the genetic influence on the developmental expression of selected epitopes of two avian developmental antigen systems: chicken fetal antigen (CFA) and chicken adult antigen (CAA). Both CFA and CAA are serologically and molecularly complex hematopoietic antigen systems, yet little is known about genetic influences on their expression. Using polyclonal rabbit anti-CFA, only slight variations in overall CFA expression on peripheral erythrocytes were observed during neonatal development; no consistent trend was evident. In contrast, analysis with monoclonal antibody 10C6 revealed that the incidence of CFA determinant 8 (CFA8) on erythrocytes of the early neonate was significantly reduced in line 15I5 compared with lines .6-2, .7-2 and .15I-5; line .C-12 also exhibited a reduced CFA8 incidence at hatching. Likewise, the CAA epitope detected by monoclonal antibody 3F12 was found to appear at a slower rate on erythrocytes from lines 15I5 and .C-12 than on those of other lines. Similar results were obtained using the anti-CAA monoclonal 4C2 where reduced expression was found in lines 15I5, .C-12, and .P-13. Results of complement-mediated cytolysis using the positive control 9F9 monoclonal antibody suggested that observed genetic differences were not due to inherent differences in erythroid cytolytic sensitivity. Neither could the results be explained by the incidence of circulating reticulocytes vs. mature erythrocytes within the lines. Rather, the results suggest that different genetic lines of chickens vary in the developmental kinetics of definitive erythrocyte subpopulations bearing specific phenotypes defined by monoclonal antibodies. These findings are discussed in light of previous observations using these B-congenic lines.
Aging↗
Developmental immunotoxicology: emerging issues.
While the history of immunotoxicology research involving experimental animals of immature ages dates back over several decades, there exist remarkably little data, to date, directly comparing the impact of developmental status on immunotoxicological risk. Given the size of the nonadult human population and the potential for differential vulnerability among the various ages, this represents a serious gap of knowledge in efforts to minimize environmentally linked health risks. This article frames the issues surrounding developmental immunotoxicological evaluations. In particular, the issues introduced include those of potential animal models, strain/genotype selection, gender, age of exposure, and age of assessment. Recent research results involving early exposure to lead (Pb) and other chemicals are discussed to highlight the nature of the decisions that are available and the potential cost-benefit associated with various approaches to evaluation.
Adolescent↗
Infectious bursal disease virus infection in the quail-chicken hybrid.
Hybrids produced from crossing Cornell K-strain white leghorn chickens and Line II Japanese quails were studied for susceptibility to infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Quail-chicken hybrids were infected successfully following inoculation with IBDV at 14, 21, or 52 days of age. In most cases, precipitating antibodies were detected in serum by 10 days postinoculation (PI). Although no clinical signs or gross lesions were evident in the bursa of Fabricius of hybrids, histologic changes in the bursa were detected upon microscopic examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Chickens were successfully infected also; they had gross and microscopic lesions in the bursa and produced precipitating antibodies. In addition, staining of bursal sections with low concentrations of peroxidase-conjugated concanavalin A revealed a rearrangement of a leukocyte cell type (probably macrophages) in infected chickens and hybrids. Japanese quails were refractory to infection; they showed no bursal changes and did not form precipitating antibodies.
Animals↗