Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R Osborn.
This useful listing of references on radiology administration covers topics from equipment selection to computerization. In addition to available written references, the authors provide information on PC-based access to data bases.
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Although anthracycline antibiotics are among the most useful chemotherapy agents, the risk of producing cardiomyopathy and the absence of a reliable noninvasive technique to predict subclinical cardiomyopathy remain a major problem. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with anthracyclines over a 5-year period. Cardiomyopathy developed in 6 of 112 patients (5.3%) treated with anthracyclines and was fatal in 5 of the 6 patients. Our incidence and mortality rates are higher than those previously reported.
Renal oxygenation was studied during induced hypotension in mongrel dogs, anaesthetized with 1-1.5% halothane in oxygen. Hypotension was induced with an infusion i.v. of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) 70 +/- 17 micrograms kg-1 min-1 (mean +/- SEM) or trimetaphan (TMP) 36 +/- 16 micrograms kg-1 min-1, or by controlled arterial haemorrhage (45 +/- 6 ml/kg of body weight). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), cortical (Pcto2) and medullary (Pmto2) tissue oxygen tensions, arterial (Pao2), renal venous (Prvo2), and urine (Puo2) oxygen tensions were measured during the 40-min control, hypotension, and recovery periods. MAP was decreased to approximately 60% of the control value. Pcto2 decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) in all three groups while Pmto2 decreased significantly only in the haemorrhage group. Upon restoration of MAP to normal values, renal tissue oxygen tensions recovered in all groups, somewhat more rapidly in the SNP group. There were no significant differences in Pao2, Prvo2, and Puo2 during control, hypotension and recovery periods in the three groups. Tissue oxygen tension values followed the changes in MAP, but were not hypoxic, leading us to believe that both SNP and TMP are hypotensive agents safe for the kidney.
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The pharmacology of leukotrienes (LT) C4 and D4 in isolated airway smooth muscle was investigated. In rat trachea, neither LTC4 or D4 elicited a response. In contrast, LTC4 was a potent contractile agonist in guinea-pig trachea, bronchus and parenchymal lung strip. Similar effects were obtained with LTD4 in trachea and parenchyma. In trachea and bronchus, the concentration-response curve to LTC4 was biphasic: indomethacin converted the biphasic response curve to a simple sigmoidal shape and enhanced the maximum contractile response. The SRS-A antagonist FPL 55712 antagonized the effect of LTD4 in both trachea and parenchyma. As regards LTC4-induced contraction of trachea and bronchus, FPL 55712, depending on concentration, either antagonized, or antagonized and enhanced the maximum contractile response. The enhancement of the maximum contractile response by FPL 55712 was not apparent when indomethacin was present. FPL 55712 failed to antagonize the effect of LTC4 in parenchyma.
The activity of the SRS-A antagonist FPL 55712 against histamine, carbachol and ion-induced contraction of isolated airway smooth muscle was evaluated. FPL 55712 enhanced responses of guinea-pig trachea and parenchymal lung strips to histamine and carbachol. Enhancement was not obviously related to concentration. It is suggested that this effect may be the result of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by FPL 55712. These observations may account for some of the anomalous findings regarding the antagonism of leukotrienes by FPL 55712 previously reported.
Dose-response curves were obtained for aerosols of acetylcholine (ACh), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), histamine (H), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on pulmonary resistance (Rp) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) in Ascaris-hypersensitive dogs. Previously, these animals had been subjected to chronic biweekly "allergic asthmatic" episodes by aerosol administration of Ascaris antigen. When examined either one week before or after antigen provocation the airways were not hyperreactive to ACh, H, or 5-HT but did demonstrate a modest hyperreactivity to PGF2alpha. When aerosol dose-response curves were obtained for these agonists immediately following an "allergic asthmatic" episode, the airways were hyporeactive to PGF2alpha, H, and 5-HT, but not to ACh. Studies with atropine indicated that the hyporeactivity was the result of decreased airway responsiveness to both direct and indirect effect of PGF2alpha and H. It is concluded that, in dogs, chronic antigen challenge is not accompanied by a general increase in airway reactivity to pharmacologic agents.
Serum samples from 3000 1 to 15-year-old children residing in the Dominican Republic, Honduras and the Republic of Panama were analyzed for measles, mumps and rubella susceptibility. These data were compared with results obtained on sera drawn from 2221 United States children of similar ages. It was found that children in all areas usually acquired immunity to measles early in life and tended to contract mumps and rubella somewhat later. Immunity data from the urban areas of the United States closely resembled that from the urban areas of the Dominican Republic. Honduran and Panamanian children showed much higher age-related frequencies of rubella, susceptibility. When compared to the other Middle American countries studied, the rural Honduran sample showed significantly higher age-grouped susceptibility rates for measles and simultaneous triple rate revealed a consistent bias, indicating that the attack rates of the three infections are not entirely independent.
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INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether flight crew personnel are physically fit in comparison to published standards for the average American adult. SETTING: The study group consisted of pilots, paramedics and nurses in two similarly configured and geographically located rotor-wing air medical transport programs. METHODS: A physical fitness assessment of flight crew members was conducted. The results were compared with published standards for average adult males and females (AVG). Percentage of fat in body composition (FM%), aerobic fitness (VO2MAX), muscular endurance (ME), muscular strength (MS) and flexibility (FL) measurements were obtained using accepted testing methods. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 29 male and 21 female individuals. The following were their mean scores. Males averaged: pFAT = 19% (AVG = 20.0%); VO2MAX = 41.0 (AVG = 42.5); ME = 37.0 (AVG = 28.5); MS = 125.0 (AVG = 86.5); FL = 5.2 (AVG = 1.4); Females averaged: pFAT = 28.0% (AVG = 26.5%); VO2MAX (AVG = 34.0); ME = 27.0 (AVG = 21.0); MS = 83.0 (AVG = 76.5); FL = 4.5 (AVG = 3.4). CONCLUSION: These baseline data suggest the study population of air medical flight crew was physically fit compared to the average American adult.
This paper reports 1999 survey results on the population age sixty-five and older in five nations--Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The majority of respondents were generally satisfied with the quality, affordability, and availability of health services in their nations. In many measures of access to and cost of care, the United States looks much like the other nations surveyed. However, as the elderly view their health systems, the direction they have taken in recent years with respect to caring for the elderly, and the future affordability of care in old age, U.S. respondents tended to be more pessimistic than were those in other nations.
Interest is resurging in the problems relating to the quality of patient care. This paper provides a comparative perspective on this issue from a five-country physician survey conducted in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States in 2000. Physicians in all five countries reported a recent decline in quality of care and concerns with how hospitals address medical errors. Physicians in four countries expressed serious concerns about shortages of medical specialists and inadequate facilities. U.S. physicians reported problems caused by patients' inability to pay for prescription drugs and medical care. Asked about efforts to improve quality of care in the future, physicians indicated support for electronic medical records, electronic prescribing, and initiatives to reduce medical errors.
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