Reactions to antigens from actinomycetes including Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy patients.
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Actinomycetales↗
Biomedical subjects
R Ohman
Publications and source records attributed to R Ohman.
Epidemiology of cycloid psychosis.
The incidence and risk of cycloid psychosis were investigated in the 1947 cohort of the Lundby Study. No male cases were found. For women the incidence rate (per 100 observation years) was 0.016%. The cumulative probability, i.e. risk up to 60 years of age, was 0.7%. These figures are about half of those for schizophrenia in women in the same population. It is concluded that cycloid psychosis constitutes a substantial part of psychotic disorders among women.
Adolescent↗
A prospective study of first-incidence depression. The Lundby study, 1957-72.
The present study is based on the so-called 1957 Lundby cohort, a geographically defined normal Swedish population of 2612 individuals who were evaluated for mental disorders in 1957 and 1972. The annual age-standardised first incidence of depression, with or without other psychiatric symptoms, all degrees of impairment included, was found to be 4.3 per 1000 person years in men and 7.6 per 1000 person years in women. Up until 70 years of age, the cumulative probability of suffering a first episode of depression was 27% in men and 45% in women.
Age Factors↗
A simple technique for increased sensitivity in immunoelectrophoresis by the use of antiserum against IgG.
Precipitates in two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (2D-IE) plates can be amplified by the application of an antiserum against IgG after the second dimension run. Thereby, the sensitivity of the IE method is increased; faint precipitates and antigen-antibody reactions close to but below the level of forming recognizable precipitates are made visible. The advantage of the method was demonstrated for a multilinear Mycobacterium phlei system.
Animals↗
Characterization of mycobacterial immunoprecipitates by selective staining of enzymes.
Immune precipitation patterns of Mycobacterium intracellulare, M. phlei and M. smegmatis were analysed by selective enzyme staining procedures in order to characterize individual mycobacterial antigens. Enzyme activity was shown in eight precipitinogens of M. intracellulare, seven of M. phlei, and six of M. smegmatis. The identification of mycobacterial precipitinogens as enzymes is important since only a few mycobacterial antigens have been functionally characterized.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Methods for the detection of a specific Mycobacterium leprae antigen in the urine of leprosy patients.
Two methods for detecting the phenolic glycolipid, PGL-1, a Mycobacterium leprae-specific molecule, in the urine of leprosy patients are described. Both methods rely on the 100-fold preconcentration of the urine, which can be accomplished by a single-step ultrafiltration procedure. The equivalent of approximately 2.5 micrograms of PGL-1/ml was detected in the urine of LL patients with an inhibition ELISA. The second method, a direct dot-blot assay on nitrocellulose paper, was much simpler and more sensitive. As little as 3 ng of antigen was detected by the dot-blot technique. PGL-1 was detected in the urine of LL patients.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Individualized measures of outcome versus standardized rating scales in evaluation of in-hospital psychiatric treatment. A methodological study.
The differentiating power of two individually related measures of outcome, target complaints and psychiatrists' evaluation of individually defined treatment objectives, were studied in two models of treatment planning, one with and one without active patient participation. Target complaints were measured at admission, after 5 days and at discharge. Treatment objectives were initially defined in written treatment contracts and evaluated at discharge. These measures were compared with patients' self-reported symptoms as well as with independently rated clinical symptoms at admission and discharge. Both target complaints and psychiatrists' evaluations measured improvement during treatment. The differentiating power between the two experimental conditions was, however, much weaker than that of the symptom rating scales. The psychiatrists' evaluations were strongly influenced by state at discharge and only to a minor extent by changes during treatment. It is concluded that symptom rating scales are superior to individualized measures of outcome in studies on a general psychiatric ward, possibly because the patients are fairly homogenous concerning anxiety.
Goals↗
Patterns of response to neuroleptic treatment: factors influencing the amelioration of individual symptoms in psychotic patients.
Fifty-three patients with acute psychotic disorders (diagnosed according to DSM-III) were treated with thioridazine alone and observed during periods of up to 2 months. The amelioration of paranoid ideas and hallucinations (target symptoms) and of concentration difficulties, disorientation, reduced appetite, and reduced sleep (additional symptoms) was studied by repeated psychopathology ratings (CPRS). The patients were classified as "fast, slow or partial responders" according to the therapeutic effect registered on each target symptom. Paranoid ideas disappeared completely after less than 3 weeks of treatment in 28% of the patients (fast responders) and after more than 3 weeks in 32% (slow responders). Hallucinations disappeared significantly faster than paranoid ideas; 47% of the patients were completely free from hallucinations after less than 2 weeks of treatment (fast responders) and 38% after more than 2 weeks (slow responders). The following factors were significantly correlated to positive treatment effects of thioridazine: 1) diagnosis involving a brief history of psychotic symptoms before admission; 2) a low CPRS score for paranoid ideas on admission; 3) presence of disorientation on admission; 4) normal appetite on admission, and 5) rapidly reached optimal serum concentration of the drug.
Acute Disease↗
Predictors of alcoholism in the Lundby Study. I. Material and methods.
In this prospective longitudinal study over 15 years (1957 to 1972) the background factors for those who became alcoholics and those who did not were registered before anybody knew what the outcome would be. The population (2,612 inhabitants) lived in 1957 in a delimited area in the South of Sweden, Lundby. In 1957 nearby everyone (98%) was examined by a single psychiatrist, and again in 1972, irrespective of domicile, by two psychiatrists. Among the men who at the outset did not misuse alcohol, 58 became alcoholics. These alcoholics were compared with the non-alcoholics regarding e.g. personality traits, social factors and interactions between factors.
Adolescent↗
Predictors of alcoholism in the Lundby Study. II. Personality traits as risk factors for alcoholism.
In 1957 all inhabitants (2,612) in a delimited geographical area, Lundby, were examined by a psychiatrist. Personality traits were scored for each individual. During the following 15 years 58 men became alcoholics (44 who had been 15 years or over in 1957). Among the men who in 1957 were scored 'subsolid in combination with symptom neurosis' the risk of becoming an alcoholic was increased 13.5 to 15.8 times. Protective against alcoholism was 'subvalidity in combination with psychosomatic symptoms'. The men with this combination had their risk decreased 12 times. The prediction of alcoholism depended on which factors and which combinations were used. With a sensitivity of 50% a specificity of almost 90% was reached; with a sensitivity of 60% specificities between 70% and 80% were reached.
Adolescent↗
Predictors of alcoholism in the Lundby Study. III. Social risk factors for alcoholism.
In 1957 all inhabitants (2,612) in a delimited geographical area, Lundby, were examined by a psychiatrist, and social factors were evaluated for each individual. During the following 15 years 58 men became alcoholics. Among the men who in 1957 were in the age group 0-14 years and belonged to a 'gang', the risk of becoming an alcoholic was 100-fold increased. 'Gang' was also an important factor in the age group 15-24 years. 'Crisis' was an important factor among those over 14, and 'disintegrated environment' in the age group 25-59 years. In the latter age group occupations such as 'entrepreneur', became important as a precipitating factor. 'Married' was the only protective factor found.
Adolescent↗
Epidemiology of cycloid psychosis. A prospective longitudinal study of incidence and risk in the 1947 cohort of the Lundby Study.
The objective of the present study on cycloid psychosis was to describe the incidence and risk in a defined population sample. We therefore re-evaluated specific diagnostic groups in the 1947 cohort of the Lundby Study. Three female cases were identified as cycloid psychosis according to the diagnostic criteria of Leonhard, Perris and Brockington. No men were found. The incidence rate (per 100 observation years) was found to be 0.016% for women. The cumulative probability i.e. risk, up to 60 years of age was calculated to be 0.7%. Incidence rate and risk for cycloid psychosis in women was thus about half of the corresponding values for schizophrenia as described for the same population in a parallel study. We conclude that cases of cycloid psychosis constitute a substantial proportion of female psychotic patients.
Adult↗
Stability of treatment outcome in short-term psychiatric care. A six-month follow-up of a controlled study of patient involvement.
The general trend of avoiding and shortening in-patient treatment raises the question of the stability of treatment gains made during hospitalization. A 6-month follow-up was made for patients treated on a short-term psychiatric ward. The origin was a controlled study of two models of patient involvement in treatment planning. Patients benefiting most from a cooperation procedure during hospitalization were those with socio-psychological treatment objectives and those treated in a Basic Activation Group on the ward. The superior outcome for these patients was not stable during the period of follow-up, resulting in an incongruence between in-hospital and post-hospital adjustment. Furthermore, these patients at time of follow-up showed an increased confidence in the staff of the ward and a decrease in the rated importance of their social network. It is suggested that this is the result of dependency reactions and a separation process from the therapeutic milieu of the ward which were not resolved at time of discharge. Greater concern should be invested in formulating the treatment contract in an out-patient context in order to place the emphasis on the real life situation of the patient.
Adult↗
Selective enzyme staining procedures for characterization of mycobacterial immunoprecipitates.
Selective staining procedures for four different enzymes (malate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, leucine aminopeptidase and glucose phosphate isomerase) in combination with two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis were successfully applied to the analysis of antigen preparations from mycobacteria. Thus, a precipitate corresponding to malate dehydrogenase could e.g. be demonstrated in multi-linear precipitation patterns of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium phlei. The analytical approach described can be advantageously used for identification of mycobacterial precipitinogens of enzyme character.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Patient attitudes in short-term psychiatric care. Relations to social and psychiatric background, clinical symptoms, and treatment model.
The attitudes of patients were measured after 4 days and at discharge during two 4-month periods. The attitudes were related to ratings of symptoms, patient background, and type of treatment contract used (cooperation or staff-directed). The patients were generally satisfied with their treatment. A mere 7% disapproved of the general ward structure. The attitude data were subjected to a factor analysis and a 7-factor solution explaining 70% of the variance was found to be suitable. The factors were labelled Ward Structure, Key Worker, Nursing Care, Group Treatment, Psychopharmacological Treatment, Social Network, and Other Patients. A high level of satisfaction in the Ward Structure, Nursing Care, Psychopharmacological Treatment, and Other Patients factors was found to be related to a lower incidence of symptoms at discharge. The staff-contract group showed more favourable attitudes in the Nursing Care factor (both initially and at discharge) and the Psychopharmacological Treatment factor (only initially), while the cooperation-contract group did so in the Social Network factor. It is suggested that the two contract procedures resulted in the development of different kinds of interpersonal relationships during treatment, the cooperation group relying more on the social network, whereas the staff-contract group was more apt to rely on psychopharmacological treatment and on the nursing staff.
Consumer Behavior↗
Antipsychotic treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine in combination with thioridazine: prolactin response and interaction with dopaminergic precursor pools.
The antipsychotic effect of alpha-methyltyrosine (alpha-MT) in combination with thioridazine was investigated by means of rating scales for "social behaviour" and "mental symptoms". The clinical effect was also evaluated in relation to the serum concentrations of alpha-MT and thioridazine and to the increase in prolactin secretion in response to the interaction with hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanisms. The interactions between the serum levels of alpha-MT and those of the transmitter precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine were analysed. The results confirmed the ability of alpha-MT (2 g/day) to potentiate the antipsychotic effect of thioridazine, whereby the dose of neuroleptic drug required to control psychotic symptoms may be markedly reduced. None of the four patients who completed the trial showed side effects that could be ascribed to alpha-MT. The antipsychotic effect of thioridazine, alone or in combination with alpha-MT, correlated well with the prolactin response in the individual patient. No important interference with serum phenylalanine or tyrosine levels was noted during treatment with alpha-MT.
Aged↗
The use of treatment contracts in short-term psychiatric care.
Two different treatment contracts, one with and one without active patient cooperation were compared during two 4-month periods on a short-term psychiatric ward. Attitudes and symptoms were measured at admission after 5 days and at discharge by an independent rater and by self-ratings. The length of stay was similar during the two periods. Patients with cooperation contracts showed a significantly larger reduction of anxiety compared with the others. Patients benefitting most from a cooperation contract were those with socio-psychological treatment contract objectives and those treated in a basic activation group. It is concluded that treatment contracts with an active patient cooperation on a short-term psychiatric ward are useful especially for patients not primarily suitable for specific psychotherapy or specific psychopharmacological treatment.
Adult↗
Current trends in the incidence of senile and multi-infarct dementia. A prospective study of a total population followed over 25 years; the Lundby Study.
Organic brain syndromes among the elderly have been studied prospectively in a total population during the 25-year period 1947-1972. The population (2,550 persons) originates from a geographically delimited area in southern Sweden (Lundby). The original population has been followed for 25 years irrespective of domicile. A comparison of incidences for the first 10-year period (1947-1957) and the second 15-year period (1957-1972) shows a decrease in organic brain syndromes in the population concerning multi-infarct as well as senile dementias.
Adolescent↗