Biomedical subjects

R Nishikawa

Publications and source records attributed to R Nishikawa.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

The recovery kinetics of lymphohematopoietic tissues in NFS mice after split-dose X-irradiation.

The recovery kinetics of lymphohematopoietic tissues was studied after split doses (4 x 1.7 Gy) of X-irradiation in NFS mice, which are highly susceptible to radiation-induced lymphoma. Thymic and splenic weights had decreased to a similar extent (42% and 43% of normal) 24 hours after irradiation. Thymic weight began to recover after a continuous decrease for 3 weeks and had attained an almost normal level by 8 weeks after irradiation. In contrast, splenic weight had recovered to more than 70% of the control 1 week after irradiation but recovery was delayed thereafter. The number of thymocytes was remarkably reduced (26% of the normal) 24 hours after the last irradiation and was still significantly lower (60% and 69%) than normal 4 and 8 weeks after irradiation. The nucleated marrow cell number was not as significantly reduced (56% of normal) as thymocyte number 24 hours after exposure and had recovered to an almost normal level by 4-6 weeks after irradiation. The number of femoral CFU-S (spleen colony-forming units) had decreased to 1.7% of the normal level by 24 hours after the last exposure, then showed logarithmic growth. However, recovery ceased 6 weeks after irradiation, at which point the CFU-S number was about 60% of the normal level. These results suggest that disordered lymphohematopoiesis in the thymus, spleen and bone marrow persists for an extended period of time and that this disorder occurs in connection with a reduction in the femoral CFU-S number.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Germ-line p53 mutation is uncommon in patients with triple primary cancers.

We examined five patients with multiple primary cancers who had a history of three different types of primary cancers for germ-line p53 mutations. The germ-line p53 mutation was detected in a patient who conformed to the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, but not in the other four patients. The diagnosis of these four patients did not fall in the category of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. This result indicates that germ-line p53 mutations are uncommon even in patients with triple primary cancers.

Female↗

PubMed1993

Surgical nutrition: a review.

The metabolic response to critical illness is an integrated process producing profound changes to multiple systems. The altered metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in critically injured patients, and the crucial role of cytokine mediators such as tumour necrosis factor, interleukins, and interferons are described in detail. A general approach with guidelines for nutritional support is taken. A detailed description of enteral versus parenteral therapy is given, including advantages, disadvantages, contraindications, and complications. The research on specifically enriched amino acid formulations with glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and arginine solutions is reviewed with emphasis on both theoretical and clinical issues. The role of dietary lipids in the production of specific modulators of immunoresponsiveness and investigations focusing on metabolic modulation relating to nutritional support are summarized.

Critical Illness↗

PubMed1992

[Chondroblastoma of the temporal bone--report of a case and a review of the literature of 54 cases].

Chondroblastoma of the skull is a rare tumor and only 54 cases have been reported to date. A case of chondroblastoma arising from the squamous part of the left temporal bone is reported. A 34-year-old woman had 6-month history of left conductive hearing disturbance and tenderness in the left temporal region. Plain skull X-ray showed a well demarcated osteolytic lesion in the temporal bone. CT demonstrated a heterogeneously high density mass, with enhancement. T1-weighted MRI showed a low intensity mass while T2-weighted images showed no signal area. The left external carotid angiograms showed a marked staining supplied by the left middle meningeal artery. This tumor grew destroying the left temporal squama and pyramidal bone, and extended to the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity. The tumor was subtotally resected. Histologically, this tumor consisted of clusters of round or polygonal chondroblasts with oval or grooved nuclei and well-defined cell border. Multinucleated giant cells were also observed. Chondroid matrix was found in some areas. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein. These findings lead us to the diagnosis of chondroblastoma. The diagnosis, histology, therapy, and prognosis of chondroblastoma are discussed including the review of 54 cases in the literature.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Improved endocervical sampling with the Cytobrush.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Ayre wooden spatula, the cotton-tipped swab and the Zelsmyr Cytobrush in obtaining endocervical cells. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison study. SETTING: Family practice unit. PATIENTS: All postpubertal, nonpregnant women who underwent a routine Papanicolaou smear during a 7-month period. INTERVENTIONS: The three devices were used in each patient in a randomized sequence. An experienced cytotechnologist blinded to the device used evaluated the slides for overall epithelial cellularity (graded from 0 [acellular specimen] to 12 [overloaded sample]), density (the number of groups of five or more endocervical cells) and size of cell clusters (5 to 10 cells per cluster [score of 1], 11 to 100 [2] or more than 100 [3]). MAIN RESULTS: Samples from 2 of the 136 women were rejected because of improper labelling of the slides or failure to use all three devices. Seventy-six (57%) of the smears obtained with the spatula and 71 (53%) with the swab had no endocervical cells, as compared with only 14 (10%) obtained with the Cytobrush (p = 0.001). The overall cellularity (and standard deviation [SD]) of the smears obtained with the Cytobrush (5.69 [SD 1.17], p = 0.001) and the spatula (5.70 [SD 1.46], p = 0.001) was significantly greater than the cellularity of those obtained with the swab (4.31 [SD 1.17]). The Cytobrush yielded significantly more groups of endocervical cells (109.84 per slide) than either the spatula (4.17) or the swab (6.25) (p = 0.001). The Cytobrush also produced larger cell clusters (1.56 [SD 0.67], p = 0.001) than either the swab (0.83 [SD 1.70]) or the spatula (0.64 [SD 0.67]). CONCLUSIONS: The Cytobrush and the spatula should be used instead of the spatula alone or the spatula and the swab for collecting endocervical cells.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Absorption spectra of viral components of Sendai virus in the wavelength region from 130 to 320 nm.

Using synchrotron radiation as a light source, the absorption spectra of purified viral components of the Sendai virus, i.e. messenger RNA, lipids, spike (envelope) proteins, reconstructed envelopes, core proteins and whole virions, were obtained in the wavelength region 130-320 nm by measuring the transmission of thin films. Viral (messenger) RNA two peaks at 260 and 190 nm, and a large increase below 160 nm. The absorption spectrum of lipids exhibited a broad peak at 190 nm and a very sharp increase below 160 nm. With spike proteins, a slight peak at 280 nm and a shoulder at 230 nm were observed in addition to a sharper peak at 190 nm and a rather slow increasing absorption below 160 nm. Reconstructed envelopes showed the features of a combination of lipids and proteins. The absorption spectra of core proteins and whole virions exhibited similar characteristics to spike proteins. Conventional UV data were also obtained in the wavelength range 210-320 nm with RNA and lipids. The UV and synchrotron radiation data were in good agreement in terms of the mass absorption coefficients. The molecular splitting of spike proteins was also examined. Proteins gave more diffuse reflection than their subunits, causing a reduction in absorption. This was explained by a loss of transparency with increasing molecular weight.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Incomplete proviral genome of mouse mammary tumour virus is present on chromosome Y of NIH Swiss and some genetically related mouse strains.

An incomplete proviral genome of endogenous mammary tumour virus (MMTV) was found in DNA of several strains of mice. This MMTV-related sequence was assigned to the Y chromosome since it was clearly observed in male mice only. This MMTV provirus contained a sequence related to LTR (long terminal repeat), but not to gag-pol and env genes. NFS, NIH Swiss/S, STS/A, and DD/Tbr mice have this sequence but BALB/cHeA, SHN, SLN, C57BL/6NJcl, C3H/HeNJcl and CBA/JJcl mice are negative. In the strains containing this sequence, a DNA test for the sequence makes it possible to easily distinguish the DNAs of male or female mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Strain difference in the susceptibility of thymocytes to radiation-induced apoptosis: in vitro study.

The susceptibility of thymocytes from STS/A to radiation-induced cell death was compared with that of thymocytes from BALB/cHeA. After in vitro exposure to 12 Gy X-ray, thymocytes were incubated at 37 degrees C for 8 h and then cell mortality was assessed by 0.02% erythrosin B exclusion. Cell death took place from 2 h in the incubation period, reaching a maximum at 6 h for both strains. The dose-effect on cell death at 4 h of incubation was examined after 1-24 Gy of X-irradiation. An increase in cell death was detectable even at 1 Gy in both strains. The number of dead cells in BALB/cHeA gradually increased with doses of more than 1 Gy, finally to a maximum (approximately 60%) in the dose range of 8-12 Gy, whereas the maximum cell death in STS/A was approximately 40%. The difference between the strains at maximum cell death was significant (P less than 0.005). The difference in the radiosensitivity of thymocytes between the two strains could not be attributed to a difference in the composition of their subpopulations because flow cytometric analysis based on the expression of CD4 and CD8 showed no intrinsic difference in the thymocyte subpopulations of BALB/cHeA and STS/A.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The different activation of int genes in mammary carcinomas developed in three mouse strains harboring mouse mammary tumor viruses derived from DD/Tbr.

RNA expressions of common integration site (int) genes and several oncogenes were investigated in mammary carcinomas spontaneously developed in different three strains of mice; DD/Tbr, NIH Swiss and BALB/c which harbor DD-MMTV derived from DD/Tbr mouse. Latter two strains of mice were designated NIH/Mtv+ and BALB/Mtv+, respectively. An increased expression of int-1 (wnt-1) and int-2 genes was observed in 56% (9/16) and 50% (8/16) of mammary carcinomas of DD/Tbr mice, respectively. Either int-1 or int-2 RNAs were expressed in 81% (13/16) of the carcinomas of DD/Tbr mice. IN NIH/Mtv+ mice, activation of int-1 and int-2 was observed in 41% (7/17) and 24% (4/17) of mammary carcinomas, respectively. Either int-1 or int-2 RNAs were expressed in 47% (8/17) of the carcinomas examined in this strain. In BALB/Mtv+ mice, on the other hand, either int-1 or int-2 gene were transcribed into RNAs at low frequency (33%: 3/9). These results suggest that the frequency of activation of int genes in mammary carcinomas induced by the same DD-MMTV in three strains of mice is genetically defined characteristics of these strains, and that the involvement of int-1 and int-2 genes in virus-induced mammary carcinogenesis may be influenced by genetic properties of animals. The activation of int-1 and int-2 genes did not clearly correlate with an increase in the expression of oncogenes examined; H-ras, K-ras, N-ras, myc, raf, fgr, fms, erB, mos, and src genes.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Tumor suppressor genes involved in metastasis of lung and colorectal carcinomas.

Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is now believed to play an important role in various progression stages of human cancers. To clarify the possible involvement of tumor suppressor gene inactivation in the acquisition of metastatic potential in lung and colorectal carcinoma cells, we examined various genetic alterations in both primary tumors and metastases obtained from patients with lung and colorectal carcinomas. In lung carcinoma, loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3p, 13q, and 17p is a common genetic alteration, and both RB and p53 genes are inactivated as a result of chromosome 13q and 17p losses. In some cases, allelic loss on chromosome 11p and amplification of myc family oncogenes occur during tumor progression. In colorectal carcinoma, p53 and DCC alterations were detected in 100% of metastases, and sequential accumulation of allelic losses on chromosomes 13q, 14q, and 18q in the process of metastasis was observed. These results indicate that a subset of tumor suppressor genes is involved in metastasis of lung and colorectal carcinomas.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗

PubMed1990

Genetic analysis of resistance to radiation lymphomagenesis with recombinant inbred strains of mice.

Induction of lymphomas by radiation in mice is controlled by genetic factors. We analyzed the genetic control of radiation lymphomagenesis using the CXS series of recombinant inbred strains derived from two progenitor strains: one highly susceptible to radiation induction of lymphoma [BALB/cHeA (C)] and one extremely resistant [STS/A (S)]. The best concordances between strain distribution patterns of genetic markers and resistance (or susceptibility) to radiation lymphomagenesis were observed in a region with the b and Ifa genes on chromosome 4. This indicates that one major locus controls the incidence of radiogenic lymphomas in mice. We designated this locus as the Lyr (lymphoma resistance) locus. Backcrosses of (CXS)F1 to the two progenitor strains showed an intermediate incidence of lymphomas between their parental mice and did not significantly differ from (CXS)F1 mice. This and previous observations that (CXS)F1 mice also showed an intermediate incidence, differing from both progenitor strains, indicate that more genes are involved in the resistance (or susceptibility) to lymphoma induced by irradiation.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

DNA rearrangements of the int region in spontaneous mouse mammary tumors of SHN/S and SLN/S mice.

SHN and SLN mice originating from the same Swiss albino stock are genetically very close to each other. The incidence and latent period of mammary tumor development in SHN mice were higher and shorter than those in SLN. To elucidate these differences in the behavior of mammary tumorigenesis, the frequency of insertion of mammary tumor viral genes within the int-1 and int-2 regions in spontaneous mammary tumors from their two substrains, SHN/S and SLN/S, were compared. The frequency of provirus integration into either int-1 or int-2 in DNAs from mammary tumors was 52% (11/21) in SHN/S and 45% (5/11) in SLN/S. The frequency of insertion within int-1 or int-2 could not account for the different susceptibilities of SHN/S and SLN/S.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Lack of evidence for the involvement of type-C and type-B retroviruses in radiation leukemogenesis of NFS mice.

Southern blot analysis revealed no difference between the DNA from radiation-induced thymic lymphomas and DNA from normal NFS mice. The probes used in the Southern blot analyses used a murine leukemia virus (MuLV) env DNA probe (pXenv), which specifically hybridizes with xenotropic and recombinant viral env genes, and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) DNA probes (MMTV gag-pol, MMTV env, and MMTV LTR). This suggests that radiation leukemogenesis was not associated with gross alteration of the organization of these retroviral genomes. In DNA from radiation-induced thymic lymphoma, there was no indication of gross rearrangement in the common integration site of MuLV, pim-1, or in the common integration sites of MMTV, int-1 and int-2. Dot blot analysis of RNA from radiation-induced thymic lymphomas and normal thymuses demonstrated that there was no substantial difference between them in the expression of retroviral sequences, pim-1, pvt-1, int-1, or int-2, although transcripts that could be hybridized to the retroviral sequences were slightly elevated in some radiation-induced thymic lymphomas. These results show that radiation leukemogenesis does not appear to involve the activation of endogenous type-C and type-B retroviruses.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Treatment of metastatic brain tumor from renal cell carcinoma].

Twenty-eight patients with metastatic brain tumor from renal cell carcinoma were treated at the National Cancer Hospital, Tokyo, between 1962 and March 1989. In 13 patients, the median time interval between the initial diagnosis and pulmonary metastasis was 18 months, and the interval between pulmonary metastasis and brain metastasis was 13 months. In 10 patients, whose initial diagnosis was pulmonary metastasis, the median interval between pulmonary metastasis and brain metastasis was also 13 months. There were 2 patients who presented brain metastasis initially. The median survival time from the diagnosis of brain metastasis was 17 months for the patients whose brain tumors were surgically resected, but only 4 months for the patients who didn't receive surgery. The median survival time of the patients who received postoperative radiation was 20 months, while it was 10.5 months for the patients who received radiation therapy alone. Repeated serial CT scans of 7 patients with measurable brain metastases revealed partial response (PR) to radiotherapy in 2 patients (28.6%), no change (NC) in 4 patients (57.2%), and progressive disease (PD) in one patient (14.3%). BrdU labeling indices of resected brain metastases were about 2%, and the doubling time calculated on repeated serial CT scans was about 20 days. As these lesions are rather resistant to radiotherapy and grow relatively slowly they should be resected as much as possible.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Resistance of STS/A mice to lymphoma induction by X-irradiation.

While fractionated X-irradiation induced a high incidence lymphomas in BALB/cHeA mice (77% in females and 86% in males), it induced the disease at an extremely low incidence in STS/A mice (8% in females and 9% in males). The latent period of lymphoma development was short in BALB/cHeA mice, but relatively long in STS/A mice. No significant difference of incidence of the disease between sexes in either strain was observed. F1 hybrid mice showed an intermediate incidence of radiation-induced lymphomas. This suggests that neither resistance of STS/A mice nor susceptibility of BALB/cHeA mice to radiogenic lymphomas is dominant.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Electrophysiologic effects of intravenous digoxin in infants and children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].

Electrophysiologic properties of the accessory pathway were investigated before and after the intravenous administration of digoxin (0.01-0.02 mg/kg) during electrophysiologic studies in 14 infants and children with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Determination of electrophysiologic properties of the accessory pathway was made using transesophageal atrial pacing and/or intracardiac right atrial pacing. Maximal effect on the accessory pathway after intravenous digoxin was observed during one to six hours. Effective refractory period of the accessory pathway increased in 6 of the 14 patients, decreased in 4 and unchanged in 4. Shortest AP 1:1 conduction increased in 5 of the 12 patients, decreased in 3 and unchanged in 4. Tachycardia was not induced after digoxin in only one patient. Tachycardia cycle length, ventriculoatrial conduction time and atrioventricular conduction time were unchanged after digoxin in almost all cases. Thus, digoxin is not the first choice drug for termination and prevention of the preexcitation syndrome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Electrophysiologic effects of isoproterenol in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].

12 children with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome underwent electrophysiologic study before and after the intravenous administration of isoproterenol. Effective refractory period of the accessory pathway and shortest paced cycle length with 1:1 atrioventricular (A-V) conduction via the accessory pathway were shortened after intravenous isoproterenol in all patients. Orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia was induced after isoproterenol in one patient who did not documented tachycardia attack or palpitation before. Anterograde A-V conduction via A-V node and retrograde V-A conduction via accessory pathway were enhanced. Thus, tachycardia cycle length was shortened. Potential high risk group patient who develop hazardous atrial fibrillation during exercise in the WPW syndrome may be selected by isoproterenol infusion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

[The effects of surgery and radiation therapy of metastatic brain tumors from lung cancer].

Metastatic brain tumor patients (193 cases: Small cell carcinoma; 44, large cell carcinoma; 19 adenocarcinoma; 110, squamous cell carcinoma; 14 and mixed carcinoma; 6) from lung cancer in 1978-1986 were studied to determine what treatments would be best for the local control of cancer. Treatment with radiation alone (29 cases received more than 30 Gy to the brain lesion) revealed CR(complete response) of 37.9% and PR(partial response) of 37.9%. On the other hand, radiation after operation with or without chemotherapy (33 cases) showed CR of 87.9%. Modes of response after radiation in relation to tumor size indicated CR of 34.8% and PR of 34.8% for the tumors (total of 23 cases), 2 cm or less in diameter and CR of 20% and PR of 25% for the tumors (total of 25 cases), more than 2 cm in diameter. Median period to tumor recurrence for the cases attained CR showed 10.5 (range 7-34) months and 4.0 (range 1-7) months, respectively. These data suggest that radiation after surgery could attain the highest percentage of CR and will promise the further improvement of survival time for the patients with metastatic brain tumors.

Adenocarcinoma↗