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Biomedical subjects

R Nanda

Publications and source records attributed to R Nanda.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

The effects of chin cup therapy on the mandible: a longitudinal study.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chin cup therapy on the mandible and its dentition in persons with skeletal Class III malocclusion. The patients selected for this study were Japanese females treated with the extraoral chin cup appliance. Both the control and treatment samples were obtained from Japanese Universities where the longitudinal data were gathered. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken on the average of every 6 months for the treatment group and every year for the control group. Ten treated patients and seven control patients were studied. The duration of chin cup therapy was variable but averaged 3 years 1 month. The cephalograms were digitized on an electronic screen, and a cephalometric analysis was recorded from a computer program. The rate change values were then compared with those of the control group to yield a comparison of changes in mandibular growth rate, direction, and pattern in the treatment group. Active and posttreatment effects were evaluated. All measurements for the rate of change of absolute mandibular length were reduced by 60% to 68% from the control rate of growth during therapy. The mandible exhibited less downward displacement relative to cranial base during treatment. The mandibular plane angle and the gonial angle closed with growth in the Class III control sample but were variable in the treatment group. The skeletal profile was improved with treatment. This study indicates that the chin cup may be a viable mode of treatment for the preadolescent and adolescent mandibular prognathism patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Repeated endoscopic sclerotherapy for active variceal bleeding.

Emergency endoscopic sclerotherapy (EEST) during continued moderate to severe bleeding was carried out using a flexible endoscope and absolute alcohol as a sclerosant in 38 patients with variceal bleeding. Portal hypertension was due to cirrhosis in 27, noncirrhotic portal fibrosis in eight, extrahepatic obstruction in two, and Budd-Chiari Syndrome in one patient. A technically adequate EEST could be carried out in 36 (95%) patients, with successful control of variceal bleeding in 35 (92%). Thirty-one episodes of rebleeding occurred in 12 (31.6%) patients. Twenty-nine (93.5%) of these episodes could be controlled with repeated EEST, giving an overall success of 87%. The new approach of repeating sclerotherapy on every rebleeding episode up to a maximum of three course within 24 hours, use of a wide bore injector, and certain other technical innovations were found safe and effective. The mean (+/- SD) amount of alcohol injected per patient was 9.23 +/- 3.3 ml and the mean (+/- SD) number of injections needed per patient were 6.0 +/- 3.07. Complications were minor, transient, and similar to conventional sclerotherapy. There were three deaths, two due to massive rebleeding and one due to hepatic encephalopathy. It can be concluded that EEST is technically feasible during active variceal bleeding and is an effective and relatively safe procedure. It can serve as the first line treatment in this group of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Endoscopic sclerotherapy using absolute alcohol.

To assess the efficacy of absolute alcohol as a sclerosant, endoscopic sclerotherapy was carried out using a conventional endoscope and an indigenously designed injector. Forty three patients with portal hypertension who had presented with history of variceal bleeding were included in the study. Portal hypertension was caused by cirrhosis in 30 (69.8%), non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis in eight (18.6%) and extra-hepatic obstruction in five (11.8%). Acute bleeding was successfully controlled in all 11 patients, seven with a fresh bleed and four who rebled while on endoscopic sclerotherapy regimen. All patients with fresh, recent, or old bleeding were treated with a weekly endoscopic sclerotherapy schedule. Reduction in variceal size of two or more grades was achieved in all 20 patients who had completed at least four endoscopic sclerotherapy courses with total eradication of varices in 16 (80%). The mean (+/- SD) number of endoscopic sclerotherapy courses and time required for variceal eradication was 6.06 (+/- 1.87) and 9.1 (+/- 4.69) weeks respectively. None of these patients has shown appearance of fresh varices in a follow up of 18.47 +/- 8.50 weeks (range six to 38 weeks). Six patients died; all deaths were caused by progressive hepatic encephalopathy. Complications usually seen were dysphagia, retrosternal pain and fever; these were mild and easily tolerated by the patients. Rebleeding occurred in four patients who had received less than four endoscopic sclerotherapy courses. Absolute alcohol appears to be an effective, safe, economical, and freely available sclerosant. advocate endoscopic sclerotherapy as the first line of treatment for acute variceal bleeding and recommend a weekly schedule for the early eradication of varices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers: clinical features and outcome in untreated subjects.

To examine whether Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of a variety of intestinal disorders, as often implicated, a two-part study was conducted. In part 1, 184 patients attending a gastroenterology clinic and needing a sigmoidoscopy had a rectal biopsy specimen and a stool sample cultured for E histolytica. Part of the biopsy specimen was examined histologically. In addition, serum was tested for antibody to E histolytica. 34 (18.7%) patients were culture positive. There was no correlation between the culture results and patients' symptoms except for diarrhoea, which was more common in the culture-negative group, or with histological or serological findings. In the second part of the study, 15 culture-positive patients were followed up untreated for a mean (+/- SD) of 8.6 (+/- 4.9) months, range 1-18. In all 15 patients spontaneous eradication of the parasite occurred, and in none did symptoms of invasive amoebiasis develop. Thus E histolytica seems not to be responsible for many of the bowel complaints commonly attributed to it. In these cyst passers the cysts are probably incidental to an irritable bowel syndrome or some other organic disease. There seems to be little justification for treating cyst passers since eradication of the parasite occurs spontaneously and the danger of invasive amoebiasis is negligible. Such a practice would result in an enormous saving on the cost of drugs.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed1984

Influence of geographical factors in the distribution of pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica: identification of zymodeme XIV in India.

Stocks of Entamoeba histolytica isolated and maintained in a variety of culture media, both axenic and polyxenic, were compared with each other and with strains previously characterized. The present stocks were isolated from subjects living in various cities in India. Using the enzyme patterns of: E C 5319 glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI); E C 11140 L-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate decarboxylating) (ME): E C 2751 phosphoglucomutase (PGM); and E C 2711 hexakinase (HK), developed after electrophoresis, three zymodemes were identified in 54 individual isolations of E. histolytica. Most importantly only one zymodeme associated with pathogenicity occurred, identified 28 times, among the collection, one of which was from a liver abscess.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effect of maxillary osteotomy on subsequent craniofacial growth in adolescent monkeys.

LeFort I osteotomy was performed on seven adolescent Macaca fascicularis monkeys to study its effect on the subsequent dentocraniofacial growth. Eight adolescent monkeys were used as controls. Tantalum implants were inserted at predetermined areas in certain craniofacial bones of all monkeys. For stereometric cephalometry, implants were placed in both the left and right sides of the facial bones. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of all monkeys were taken prior to and immediately after metallic implant placement, immediately after maxillary osteotomy, and thereafter every 4 weeks during the postsurgical period. At least two cephalograms were taken on each occasion, one with the teeth in occlusion and the other with mouth wide open. The latter was used to view the mandibular condyle adequately. These findings suggest that the maxillary osteotomy did disturb the vertical growth of the maxilla at the PNS and retarded the horizontal growth at the premaxilla. The anterior growth of the maxilla and mandible and the vertical growth of the face were substantially reduced. The most interesting finding was also a reduction of the mandibular growth in all of its dimensions. The rate and the amount of reduced anterior mandibular growth were found to be coordinated with the anterior maxillary growth which resulted in all animals showing a normal overjet, overbite, and occlusion throughout the postsurgical observation period.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mandibular adaptations following total maxillary osteotomy in adolescent monkeys.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth and remodeling changes of the mandible following superior anterior surgical repositioning (Le Fort I) of the maxilla in adolescent Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Eight adolescent monkeys served as controls, and seven monkeys underwent surgical procedures. All monkeys received tantalum implants on both sides of certain facial bones for stereometric and conventional cephalometry. The animals were followed up to 24 months postoperatively. Analysis of cephalometric head films taken at monthly intervals shows that both the maxillas and the mandibles of the experimental monkeys grew harmoniously, although the amount and direction of growth showed significant changes compared to the controls. The mandibles of experimental monkeys that underwent autorotation immediately following the surgical procedures showed 36 to 60 percent less growth as measured from condylion to menton, condylion to gonion, and gonion to menton. Similarly, the anterior dental-alveolar-symphyseal height showed 75 percent less increase as compared to the controls. The results show that, although the surgical procedure was performed on the maxilla, the mandibular growth showed significant modulation to adapt to the surgically changed maxillary environment. The role of occlusion and function is discussed in the context of the present findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Soft-tissue changes associated with maxillary incisor retraction.

The nature of incisor retraction and lip adaptation is still controversial. The present study was undertaken to determine the response of upper and lower lips to maxillary and mandibular incisor movement. Cephalometric head films of thirty late-adolescent and early-adult female patients were analyzed for changes in the integumental profile with treatment. Sample selection was intended to reduce variables caused by growth and sex differences. A stepwise multiple regression analysis (forward) revealed a complex interaction between dentition, bony structures, and soft tissues of the perioral area. The lower lip was more variable than the upper lip to differences in the upper incisor movement. The upperlip at labrale superius was found to be more variable with increased retraction of the upper incisors. In the prediction equation, change of sulcus superius had a more direct relationship with retraction of labrale superius and labrale inferius than with dental movement. Pogonion and/or menton entered at statistically significant levels into four (LS, LI, SI, Stm I) of the six prediction equations, indicating that mandibular position is of paramount importance in the prediction of vertical and/or horizontal changes in the upper and lower lips. The upper lip response was related to both upper and lower incisor movement, mandibular rotation, and the lower lip. Upper incisor point position related a moderately high correlation for the prediction equation for change in labrale superius. Lower incisor movement did not correlate with change of either the upper or lower lip. The equations derived were an improvement over previous prediction methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Pulpal and radicular response to maxillary osteotomy in monkeys.

The purpose of this study was to examine the pulpal and radicular response to total maxillary osteotomy. The osteotomy was performed on four adult Macaca irus monkeys. Monkeys were killed after a postsurgical observation period of 150 days. Tissue blocks of the maxilla with teeth were cut and examined histologically. The pulp of the majority of the teeth from experimental animals showed cellular and circulatory pathologic changes, even in the presence of collateral circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Long-term effects of surgical desalivation upon taste acuity, fluid intake, and taste buds in the rat.

Taste bud structure and taste preferences in intact and desalivated animals were evaluated to ascertain whether there was a structure-function relationship. Thirty-three totally desalivated rats and 30 sham-operated controls were tested between 95 and 110 d after surgery with a 48-hour two-bottle preference paradigm; they were then sacrificed, and the tongue epithelium and circumvallate papillae taste buds were examined histologically. Desalivated rats manifested significantly increased preferences for normally avoided solutions. Histological study of the dorsal tongue epithelium revealed increased keratosis. There were qualitative changes in the taste buds of the circumvallate papillae with some taste buds appearing shrunken and disorganized.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Nutritional considerations in orthodontics.

This discussion emphasizes that nutrition is an important factor, influencing the general health and tissue tolerance of orthodontic patients on many levels. While orthodontists will rarely see frank manifestations of nutritional deficiencies, it should be recognized that suboptimal levels of certain nutrients are common and have an effect on the biologic responses of the tissues influenced by orthodontic treatment. Additionally, the age group typically involved in orthodontic treatment has particularly high nutritional demands and particularly poor dietary behavior.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1981

Orthodontic space closure.

We have attempted in this chapter to familiarize the clinician with the management of spaces in the dentition. Understanding the etiology of the spaces will not only aid in the formulation of a proper treatment plan but also help in predicting the stability of the treatment results. A carefully designed mechanics plan will enable the clinician to optimize his treatment efforts. Although it would be almost impossible to include all conceivable space problems, application of the basic principles described above should facilitate the management of most of the problems encountered in practice.

Diastema↗