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Biomedical subjects

R M Martin

Publications and source records attributed to R M Martin.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Simultaneous measurement of local glucose utilization and blood flow in the rat brain: an autoradiographic method using two tracers labeled with carbon-14.

A simplified technique that uses two radionuclide tracers has been devised to measure local cerebral glucose utilization (ICGU) and local cerebral blood flow (ICBF) in the same rat. The method employs [14C]-2-deoxyglucose and [14C]iodoantipyrine to produce an autoradiogram before and another after extraction into chloroform of the [14C]iodoantipyrine from the brain sections. The chloroform-extracted autoradiogram yields ICGU, and the difference in tissue carbon-14 concentration between the two autoradiograms permits calculation of ICBF. The double-isotope technique provides values of ICGU and ICBF that are statistically indistinguishable from those derived from conventional single-isotope methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A critical evaluation of oxygen disappearance during stop flow in the gerbil brain.

The rate of oxygen disappearance from the gerbil cerebral cortex was measured during bilateral carotid artery occlusion with an oxygen microelectrode at normal tissue PO2 and under hyperbaric oxygenation. The oxygen disappearance rate (ODR) was found to be heavily dependent on the PO2 at occlusion due to the desaturation of hemoglobin-bound oxygen. When the tissue PO2 was elevated to a level high enough to saturate hemoglobin, the ODR reflected the oxygen consumption rate which was calculated to range from 1.6-7.4 cc O2/100 cc tissue-min. for ten barbiturate-anesthetized animals. The fall in PO2 was found not to be totally linear to zero in many cases, but instead consisted of a linear phase followed by a period of decreasing slope. We believe this phase of changing slope represents a diminishing oxygen consumption rate. The exact nature of this decrease is not known but perhaps is an inhibitory response to the accumulation of metabolites as a result of the circulation arrest.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of physiologic variations in temperature on the rate of antibiotic-induced bacterial killing.

The effects of physiologic temperature variations on antibiotic-induced killing of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were studied. At concentrations less than or equal to four times the minimal bactericidal concentration, the activity of each of the antibiotics (gentamicin sulfate, sodium ampicillin, and chloramphenicol) against the test bacteria was influenced by changes in temperature. Only with S. pneumoniae did such influence appear to result directly from temperature-induced changes in the multiplication rate of the bacteria. Repeated subculturing of bacteria at 41 degrees C to induce temperature adaptation had a variable effect on the rate of bacterial killing by appropriate antibiotics. The magnitude of the effect of temperature on antibiotic-induced rates of bacterial killing varies with the antibiotic class, the species of bacteria, and the temperature to which bacteria have been adapted.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1979

The role of bacterial interference in the increased prevalence of oropharyngeal gram-negative bacilli among alcoholics and diabetics.

The oral flora of alcoholics, diabetics, and normal control subjects were compared using an agar overlay technique to determine whether the increased prevalence of oropharyngeal gram-negative bacilli among alcoholics and diabetics exists because patients with these diseases have decreased numbers of normal inhibitory bacteria in the oropharynx. Alcoholics generally had slightly lower concentrations of inhibitory bacteria than control subjects, and diabetics had somewhat higher concentrations than control subjects. However, colonized subjects did not differ from noncolonized subjects with respect to concentrations of these inhibitory bacteria in the oropharynx. Characterization of inhibitory bacteria demonstrated a preponderance of nongroupable alpha-hemolytic streptococci in each of the study groups. Stimulated saliva obtained from subjects failed to demonstrate significant differences in pH between study populations or between colonized and noncolonized subjects within each study population. These results suggest that the frequent oropharyngeal colonization of alcoholics and diabetics by gram-negative bacilli involves mechanisms other than that of a deficiency of normal interfering aerobic bacteria in the oropharynx or an altered salivary pH leading to inactivation in vivo of bacteriocins produced by these inhibitory bacteria.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1978

Pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli in aspiration-prone persons.

We compared the prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli in the pharyngeal flora of two groups of patients with a known predilection for Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia (chronic alcoholics and diabetics), two other groups of aspiration-prone persons with no known predilection for Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia (epileptics and narcotic addicts), and normal control subjects. Quantitative cultures of saline gargles showed pharyngeal Gram-negative bacilli to be significantly (P less than .05) more prevalent among alcoholics (35%) and diabetics (36%) but not epileptics (17%) or addicts (20%) than controls (18%). Counts of greater than or equal to 100 Gram-negative bacilli per milliliter were also significantly more common in alcoholics (14%) and diabetics (24%) than controls (5%, P less than .05). Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were the most common Gram-negative bacilli isolated. Increased colonization by Gram-negative bacilli might be a factor contributing to the propensity of alcoholics and diabetics for Gram-negative pneumonia.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1970

Nursing service.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prospective cohort study of adverse events monitored by hospital pharmacists. Hospital Adverse Event Monitoring Study (HAEMS) Group.

PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility of pharmacist-led intensive hospital monitoring of adverse events (AEs) associated with newly marketed drugs. SUBJECTS/SETTING: 303 patients admitted to Southampton Hospitals who were prescribed selected newly marketed drugs during their inpatient stay in 1998. METHODS: Prospective observational study. Patients were identified from computerized pharmacy records, clinical pharmacist ward rounds, dispensary records or via nursing staff. The pharmacist reviewed medical notes and recorded AEs, suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and reasons for stopping drugs. OUTCOMES: Incidence of AEs, ADRs; proportionate agreement between the physician's and pharmacist's event recording. RESULTS: 303 patients were monitored. Of the patients taking newly marketed drugs 92% were identifiable using pharmacy computer systems and pharmacist ward visits. There were 21 (7%) suspected ADRs detected during this pilot study. The types of adverse events detected were broadly similar to those identified by general practice-based prescription event monitoring. However, biochemical changes featured more frequently than in general practice. Differences between adverse events recorded by pharmacist and physician were systematic and attributed to differences in event coding. CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led monitoring in a typical NHS hospital setting was effective at detecting ADRs in newly marketed drugs. However, this effort might have been substantially less time-consuming and more effective were electronic patient records (EPRs) available. Pharmacy computer systems are not designed to be patient focused and are therefore unable to identify patients taking newly marketed drugs. It is argued that future EPR and computerised patient-specific prescribing systems should be designed to capture this data in the same way as some US systems are currently able to do.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Survival of the hepatitis C virus in a dialysis population in Goiânia, Goiás].

The patients were 173, aged 10 to 70 years old. An Elisa II test was undertaken and 61 to 173 (35.3%) had positive test; when INNO-LIA test was made, soropositivity was 26% (44/173). Patients with anti-VHC antibodies have been kept on hemodialysis treatment for periods longer than negatives (p < 0.05). Neither drugs users, blood transfusions, sexual and aminotransferase activity were significantly correlated with the infection. There is an elevated prevalence of anti-VHC antibodies among chronic hemodialysis patients which seems to be related to the time that patients are on dialysis treatment.

Adolescent↗