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R M J Deacon

Publications and source records attributed to R M J Deacon.

13 recordsLinked to original sources

Behavioral phenotyping of mice lacking the K ATP channel subunit Kir6.2.

ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels are expressed in various tissues and cell-types where they act as so-called metabolic sensors that couple metabolic state to cellular excitability. The pore of most K(ATP) channel types is built by Kir6.2 subunits. Analysis of a general Kir6.2 knockout (KO) mouse has identified a variety of different functional roles for central and peripheral K(ATP) channels in situations of metabolic demand. However, the widespread distribution of these channels suggests that they might influence cellular physiology and animal behavior under metabolic control conditions. As a comprehensive behavioral description of Kir6.2 KO mice under physiological control conditions has not yet been carried out, we subjected Kir6.2 KO and corresponding wild-type (WT) mice to a test battery to assess emotional behavior, motor activity and coordination, species-typical behaviors and cognition. The results indicated that in these test situations Kir6.2 KO mice were less active, had impaired motor coordination, and appeared to differ from controls in their emotional reactivity. Differences between KO and WT mice were generally attenuated in test situations that resembled the home cage environment. Moreover, in their home cages KO mice were more active than WT mice. Thus, our results suggest that loss of Kir6.2-containing K(ATP) channels does affect animal behavior under metabolic control conditions, especially in novel situations. These findings assign novel functional roles to K(ATP) channels beyond those previously described. However, according to the widespread expression of K(ATP) channels, these effects are complex, being dependent on details of test apparatus, procedure and prior experience.

Analysis of Variance↗

Restoration of spatial working memory by genetic rescue of GluR-A-deficient mice.

Gene-targeted mice lacking the AMPA receptor subunit GluR-A (also called GluR1 encoded by the gene Gria1,) have deficits in hippocampal CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) and have profoundly impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial working memory (SWM) tasks, although their spatial reference memory remains normal. Here we show that forebrain-localized expression of GFP-tagged GluR-A subunits in GluR-A-deficient mice rescues SWM, paralleling its rescue of CA3-CA1 LTP. This provides powerful new evidence linking hippocampal GluR-A-dependent synaptic plasticity to rapid, flexible memory processing.

Analysis of Variance↗

Neuropathologically distinct prion strains give rise to similar temporal profiles of behavioral deficits.

Mouse-adapted scrapie strains have been characterized by vacuolation profiles and incubation times, but the behavioral consequences have not been well studied. Here, we compared behavioral impairments produced by ME7, 79A, 22L, and 22A strains in C57BL/6J mice. We show that early impairments on burrowing, glucose consumption, nesting and open field activity, and late stage motor impairments show a very similar temporal sequence in ME7, 79A, and 22L. The long incubation time of the 22A strain produces much later impairments. However, the strains show clear late stage neuropathological differences. All strains showed clear microglial activation and synaptic loss in the hippocampus, but only ME7 and 79A showed significant CA1 neuronal death. Conversely, 22L and 22A showed significant cerebellar Purkinje neuron loss. All strains showed marked thalamic neuronal loss. These behavioral similarities coupled with clear pathological differences could serve to identify key circuits whose early dysfunction underlies the neurological effects of different prion strains.

Animals↗

GluR-A-dependent synaptic plasticity is required for the temporal encoding of nonspatial information.

Four related experiments studied operant performance of mice on differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) paradigms. Experiment 1 showed that excitotoxic hippocampal lesions impaired performance of a 10-s DRL schedule (DRL-10). Experiments 2 and 3 showed that GluR-A AMPA receptor subunit knockout mice, which are deficient in CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP), were markedly impaired at 15 s (DRL-15), but less impaired at DRL-10. Experiment 4 compared DRL-15 performance in mice from the 2 strains from which the GluR-A colony was derived and showed that they did not differ. The results show that GluR-A-containing AMPA receptors are required for normal performance on hippocampus-dependent, nonspatial working memory tasks, consistent with a role for GluR-A in the temporal encoding (what happened when) of nonspatial information.

Animals↗

Spatial reference memory in GluR-A-deficient mice using a novel hippocampal-dependent paddling pool escape task.

Genetically modified mice lacking the L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit, GluR-A (GluR1), and deficient in hippocampal CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP), were assessed on a novel, hippocampal-dependent spatial reference memory, paddling pool escape task. The mice were required to use the extramaze cues around the laboratory to find a hidden escape tube that was in a constant location at one of 12 possible positions around the perimeter of the paddling pool, in order to escape from shallow water. The knockout mice performed well on this task. They displayed a small initial impairment (in terms of both escape latencies and choice errors), but they were soon as efficient as the wild-type mice in escaping from the water. This was further demonstrated by performance during a 20-s probe trial in which the exit tube was blocked. Both groups of mice spent most of the time searching in the quadrant of the pool in which the exit tube had previously been located. In a subsequent experiment, entirely normal spatial acquisition was observed in the knockout mice when the paddling pool was moved to a novel spatial environment. The GluR-A -/- mice were also unimpaired in a further reversal phase in which the correct exit location was moved by 180 degrees around the perimeter wall. These results are consistent with previous watermaze studies, providing further demonstration of intact hippocampus-dependent spatial reference memory in GluR-A knockout mice. They contrast strikingly with the profound deficits in hippocampus-dependent, short-term, flexible spatial working memory observed in these knockout mice. This study also demonstrates a novel behavioral task for assessing spatial memory in genetically modified mice. This task shares the behavioral profile of the well-established watermaze paradigm, but may have advantages for the study of genetically modified mice.

Animals↗

Regional dissociations within the hippocampus--memory and anxiety.

The amnestic effects of hippocampal lesions are well documented, leading to numerous memory-based theories of hippocampal function. It is debatable, however, whether any one of these theories can satisfactorily account for all the consequences of hippocampal damage: Hippocampal lesions also result in behavioural disinhibition and reduced anxiety. A growing number of studies now suggest that these diverse behavioural effects may be associated with different hippocampal subregions. There is evidence for at least two distinct functional domains, although recent neuroanatomical studies suggest this may be an underestimate. Selective lesion studies show that the hippocampus is functionally subdivided along the septotemporal axis into dorsal and ventral regions, each associated with a distinct set of behaviours. Dorsal hippocampus has a preferential role in certain forms of learning and memory, notably spatial learning, but ventral hippocampus may have a preferential role in brain processes associated with anxiety-related behaviours. The latter's role in emotional processing is also distinct from that of the amygdala, which is associated specifically with fear. Gray and McNaughton's theory can in principle incorporate these apparently distinct hippocampal functions, and provides a plausible unitary account for the multiple facets of hippocampal function.

Animals↗

Amygdala and ventral hippocampus contribute differentially to mechanisms of fear and anxiety.

Cytotoxic ventral hippocampal lesions produced anxiolytic effects on 4 ethologically based, unconditioned tests of anxiety in the rat (hyponeophagia, black/white 2-compartment box test, a successive alleys test that represents a modified version of the elevated plus-maze, and a social interaction test). Dorsal hippocampal lesions did not produce anxiolytic effects on these tests, suggesting a distinct specialization of function within the hippocampus. Furthermore, the effects of ventral hippocampal lesions were also distinct from those of amygdala lesions. This suggests that the effects of ventral hippocampal lesions are not simply due to direct or indirect effects on the amygdala, and that these 2 brain areas contribute differentially to a brain system (or systems) associated with the processing of fearful and/or anxiogenic stimuli.

Amygdala↗

A comparison of GluR-A-deficient and wild-type mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective, and cognitive behaviors.

Previous studies have demonstrated a spatial working memory deficit in glutamate receptor (GluR)-A (GluR1) AMPA receptor subunit knockout mice. The present study evaluated male and female wild-type and GluR-A-/- mice on a test battery that assessed sensorimotor, affective, and cognitive behaviors. Results revealed a behavioral phenotype more extensive than previously described. GluR-A-/- mice were hyperactive, displayed a subtle lack of motor coordination, and were generally more anxious than wild-type controls. In addition, they showed a deficit in spontaneous alternation, consistent with previous reports of a role for GluR-A-dependent plasticity in hippocampus-dependent, spatial working memory. Although changes in motor coordination or anxiety cannot explain the dissociations already reported within the spatial memory domain, it is clear that they could significantly affect interpretation of results obtained in other kinds of behavioral tasks.

Affect↗

Medial septal lesions mimic effects of both selective dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions.

Electrolytic medial septal (MS) lesions, which depleted acetylcholinesterase staining in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus, produced a constellation of behaviors, combining aspects of both selective dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesion effects. MS lesions impaired spatial working memory on the T maze, thus resembling the effects of dorsal hippocampal lesions. In addition, MS lesions reduced anxiety during successive alleys (a modified form of the elevated plus-maze), social interaction, and hyponeophagia tests. MS lesions also reduced postshock freezing. These effects more closely resemble those of ventral hippocampal lesions. Therefore, the effects of electrolytic MS lesions derive from the resulting combined deafferentation of dorsal and ventral hippocampal regions, suggesting that previously reported effects of cytotoxic dorsal hippocampal lesions are unlikely to be due to a demyelination of fibers of passage coursing through the septal pole.

Animals↗

Ventral hippocampal lesions affect anxiety but not spatial learning.

Rats with cytotoxic ventral hippocampal lesions which removed approximately 50% of the hippocampus (including dentate gyrus) starting from the temporal pole, displayed a reduction in freezing behaviour following the delivery of an unsignalled footshock in an operant chamber. This was more plausibly a result of reduced susceptibility to fear than a result of a lesion-induced increase in general motor activity. There was no consistent difference between sham and lesioned animals in spontaneous locomotor activity, or locomotion following acute or chronic treatment with amphetamine. In contrast, ventral hippocampal lesioned animals were quicker to pass from the black to the white box during a modified version of the light/dark exploration test, and were quicker to begin eating during tests of hyponeophagia. Furthermore, rats with ventral hippocampal lesions defecated less than their sham counterparts both during open field testing and in extinction sessions following contextual conditioning. In contrast to these clear lesion effects, there were no signs of any spatial learning impairment either in the watermaze or on the elevated T-maze. Taken together these results suggest that the ventral hippocampus may play a role in a brain system (or systems) associated with fear and/or anxiety, and provide further evidence for a distinct specialisation of function along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus.

Amphetamine↗

GluR-A-Deficient mice display normal acquisition of a hippocampus-dependent spatial reference memory task but are impaired during spatial reversal.

Acquisition and reversal of a spatial discrimination were assessed in an appetitive, elevated plus-maze task in 4 groups of mice: knockout mice lacking the AMPA receptor subunit GluR-A (GluR1), wild-type controls, mice with cytotoxic hippocampal lesions, and controls that had undergone sham surgery. In agreement with previous studies using tasks such as the water maze, GluR-A(-/-) mice were unimpaired during acquisition of the spatial discrimination task, whereas performance in the hippocampalgroup remained at chance levels. In contrast to their performance during acquisition, the GluR-A(-/-) mice displayed a mild deficit during reversal of the spatial discrimination and were profoundly impaired during discrete trial, rewarded-alternation testing on the elevated T maze. The latter result suggests a short-term, flexible spatial working memory impairment in GluR-A(-/-) mice, which might also underlie their mild deficit during spatial reversal.

Animals↗

Double dissociation of function within the hippocampus: spatial memory and hyponeophagia.

Complete and dorsal hippocampal lesions impaired spatial performance on 2 working memory tasks: rewarded alternation on the T maze and matching to position in the water maze. In contrast, ventral hippocampal lesions had no effect on these tasks, even when task difficulty was increased by the introduction of delays. Ventral lesions did resemble complete lesions in reducing anxiety in 3 commonly used tests of anxiety (social interaction, plus-maze, and hyponeophagia). Dorsal lesions also appeared to be anxiolytic in the social interaction and plus-maze tests, but they did not affect hyponeophagia. Complete- and dorsal-lesioned rats displayed hyperactivity, whereas ventral-lesioned rats did not. These results show a double dissociation between dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions (hyponeophagia vs. spatial memory), suggesting differentiation of function along the septotemporal axis of this structure.

Amphetamine↗

Spatial memory dissociations in mice lacking GluR1.

Gene-targeted mice lacking the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 (GluR-A) have deficits in hippocampal CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation. We now report that they showed normal spatial reference learning and memory, both on the hidden platform watermaze task and on an appetitively motivated Y-maze task. In contrast, they showed a specific spatial working memory impairment during tests of non-matching to place on both the Y-maze and an elevated T-maze. In addition, successful watermaze and Y-maze reference memory performance depended on hippocampal function in both wild-type and mutant mice; bilateral hippocampal lesions profoundly impaired performance on both tasks, to a similar extent in both groups. These results suggest that different forms of hippocampus-dependent spatial memory involve different aspects of neural processing within the hippocampus.

Animals↗