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Biomedical subjects

R L Hall

Publications and source records attributed to R L Hall.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Problems in deterrence: a comparison of the driving histories of DUII and non-DUII drivers.

Driving records of subjects arrested for driving under the influence of intoxicants (DUII), both recidivists and nonrecidivists, were compared with records of an age- and sex-matched random sample of non-DUII drivers. Major differences were found between DUII and non-DUII groups in the incidence of traffic violations but some differences also existed between nonrecidivist and recidivist DUII subjects. Rehabilitative diversion programs for first-time DUII offenders did not affect recidivism rates in the study population. Findings in this study suggest that general deterrence directed at the non-DUII population should receive emphasis equal to specific deterrence directed at DUII offenders.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

Identification, cloning, and sequencing of a fragment of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus DNA containing the spheroidin gene and three vaccinia virus-related open reading frames.

Entomopoxvirus virions are frequently contained within crystalline occlusion bodies, which are composed of primarily a single protein, spheroidin, which is analogous to the polyhedrin protein of baculovirus. The spheroidin gene of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus was identified following the microsequencing of polypeptides generated from cyanogen bromide treatment of spheroidin and the subsequent synthesis of oligonucleotide hybridization probes. DNA sequencing of a 6.8-kb region of DNA containing the spheroidin gene showed that the spheroidin protein is derived from a 3.0-kb open reading frame potentially encoding a protein of 115 kDa. Three copies of the heptanucleotide, TTTTTNT, a sequence associated with early gene transcription in the vertebrate poxviruses, and four in-frame translational termination signals were found within 60 bp upstream of the putative spheroidin gene promoter (TAAATG). The spheroidin gene promoter region contains the sequence TAAATG, which is found in many late promoters of the vertebrate poxviruses and which serves as the site of transcriptional initiation, as shown by primer extension. Primer extension experiments also showed that spheroidin gene transcripts contain 5' poly(A) sequences typical of vertebrate poxvirus late transcripts. The 92 bases upstream of the initiating TAAATG are unusually A + T rich and contain only 7 G or C residues. An analysis of open reading frames around the spheroidin gene suggests that the colinear core of "essential genes" typical of the vertebrate poxviruses is absent in A. moorei entomopoxvirus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Sulfated O-glycoproteins secreted by guinea pig trachea in organ culture.

Organ culture of guinea pig trachea was performed in the presence of [35S]sulfate in order to characterize the sulfated glycoproteins released from the respiratory epithelium and mucosa. The sulfated macromolecules that were synthesized during a 6-h incorporation were separated by CsBr density-gradient centrifugation and gel-filtration chromatography successively. Most of the sulfated secreted macromolecules corresponded to a population of glycoproteins sensitive to reductive beta-elimination but resistant to both chondroitinase ABC and heparinase. These glycoproteins had different buoyant densities (ranging from 1.48 g/ml to 1.16 g/ml) and could be subfractionated according to molecular mass. A major part of the radioactivity was incorporated into high-molecular-mass mucins that were excluded from a Sepharose CL-2B column and did not penetrate into polyacrylamide gel in PAGE. However, a mixture of sulfated O-glycoproteins of much lower molecular mass was also characterized in addition to low amounts of chondroitin sulfate. Epithelial goblet cells are the predominant mucin-containing cells of the respiratory guinea pig trachea. Our results suggest that a wide range of sulfated O-glycoproteins are secreted by the guinea pig tracheal mucosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Physical mapping and field inversion gel electrophoresis of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus DNA.

Agarose in situ digestion was used to prepare intact Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AmEPV) DNA from embedded occlusion bodies (OBs). Direct dissolution of OBs in agarose eliminated the necessity for separate purification of virions. A physical map of AmEPV DNA was constructed for five restriction enzymes (BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, and XhoI) using single and multiple digests, and isolated fragment digestions. End fragments were identified by Bal31 digestion and snap-back analysis. A least squares procedure was used to reconcile fragment lengths. AmEPV genome size estimates were based on restriction enzyme (REN) fragment length totals (222 kb), reconciled physical map distance (225 kb), and field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) (about 242 kb). Presumably due to the high A + T content (18.5% G + C) of AmEPV DNA, FIGE values for the intact genome and large REN fragments were about 6 to 10% higher than expected. Preparative FIGE was used to concentrate AmEPV DNA from agarose microbead encapsulated insect cells (Estigmene acrea, BTI-EAA). REN digests of this DNA were identical to those from OBs from caterpillars.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Posterior labral tear as a block to reduction in an anterior hip dislocation.

The patient presented with an anterior dislocation of the hip that could not be centrically reduced by closed methods. Computed tomographic imaging after trial reduction revealed a posterior fragment that was limiting reduction. At the time of open reduction, a large posterior labral tear with a small avulsed posterior acetabular rim of bone was found to be blocking the reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Assessment of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and risk level of Northwestern American Indians.

A survey was made of 710 American Indians of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho to assess the population's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in respect to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), to estimate the population's risk, and to plan strategies to reduce it. In contrast to 3 percent of the general population, this study found 10.6 percent of male and 6.4 percent of female Pacific Northwestern American Indians in groups considered at high risk for AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Total and direct-reacting bilirubin values by automated methods compared with liquid chromatography and with manual methods for determining delta bilirubin.

This study compares total and direct-reacting bilirubin values in 40 serum samples from patients with various diagnoses, as measured by automated methods (Beckman Synchron CX-5, Beckman Astra 8, Kodak Ektachem 700) and HPLC and by a manual method for delta bilirubin. For total bilirubin, within-run CVs were less than 6%. The Ektachem 700 method underestimated bilirubin with serum samples from patients with Crigler-Najjar syndrome and from newborns in whom unconjugated bilirubin concentrations were increased but conjugated bilirubins were not present or were present only in small amounts. The Astra 8 and Synchron CX-5 methods were inaccurate with cholestatic serum samples, in which conjugated bilirubin concentrations were increased and other compounds such as bile acids could be expected to interfere. We conclude that each automated method examined provides reasonable estimates for total and direct-reacting bilirubin values for routine clinical use. The need for each laboratory to select the appropriate bilirubin method for its particular situation is obvious.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1990

Pyomyositis in a temperate climate. Presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

The cases of eighteen patients who were treated for pyomyositis between 1970 and 1988 were evaluated. The diagnosis was often delayed because other primary diagnoses were considered, including muscle strain, synovitis, thrombophlebitis, and neoplasm, and because the symptoms were vague and prolonged (maximum duration, one year). The muscles around the hip and thigh were most commonly involved (twelve patients), and Staphylococcus aureus most commonly grew on culture (twelve patients). Computed tomography aided in the accurate diagnosis of the infection and of the extent of involvement. Incision, drainage, and antibiotic therapy eradicated the infection in all patients, and they had no residual functional limitations and minimum residual symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reactivity of glutathione with alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone flavouring substances.

The relative reactivities of a number of alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones used as flavourings were determined using glutathione as the nucleophile. Monosubstitution at the beta-position of the alpha, beta-unsaturated system impeded nucleophilic addition by approximately 1000 times. Beta-Disubstitution reduced reactivity by more than 100,000 times. Endocyclic alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones were generally less reactive than alicyclic analogues. By way of comparison, the most reactive flavouring investigated, 2-octene-4-one, was consumed by glutathione about 700 times less rapidly than was methylvinyl ketone. Methylvinyl ketone was found to condense with guanylic acid 240,000 times more slowly than with glutathione. It is concluded that alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones used as flavourings generally possess low electrophilicity.

Butanones↗
PubMed1988

Predictors of recidivism in DUIIs.

The prior driving records of 397 drivers arrested for drinking and driving in the year 1983 were examined with the purpose of comparing biographical factors and variables relating to driving history and arrest circumstance between recidivist and nonrecidivist drinking drivers. Of these drivers, 174 (44%) had more than one arrest within a 12-year study period, while 223 (56%) had only one. Significant differences were found among drivers with different numbers of drinking and driving offenses. Drivers with one or two DUII arrests had more non-moving traffic violations than drivers with three or more DUII arrests. Drinking and driving offenders with higher levels of arrests were more likely to be unemployed, to have a past criminal record, to be arrested for drinking and driving on a weekday during afternoon and early evening hours, to drive with a suspended or revoked license and to refuse a blood alcohol level determination test. In this study DUII offenders with four or more arrests fit the descriptive model of alcoholism.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1988

Smokeless tobacco use and attitudes toward smokeless tobacco among Native Americans and other adolescents in the northwest.

A survey of 1,180 sixth, ninth, and eleventh graders in three school districts in the State of Washington found that 34 per cent of male Native Americans, 24 per cent of female Native Americans, 20 per cent of male non-natives and 4 per cent of female non-natives are current users of smokeless tobacco products. In all areas and groups, the best predictor of whether an adolescent is a user is the use pattern of friends.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Mucus-glycoproteins (mucins) of the cat trachea: characterisation and control of secretion.

Glycoproteins produced by the tracheae of anaesthetized cats were radiolabelled biosynthetically by a pulse administration of Na2 35SO4 and [3H]glucose into the tracheal lumen. Subsequently, radiolabelled secretions were washed from the tracheal lumen. Repeated doses of pilocarpine and then ammonia vapour were given to stimulate secretion. Pilocarpine-stimulated glycoproteins, which came mainly from the submucosal glands, were particularly enriched with 35S. Ammonia-stimulated secretions, which probably came mostly from the microvillous border of the surface epithelium, contained mainly 3H radioactivity but little 35S. Two negatively-charged glycoproteins of different molecular size were identified in the secretions: the larger component was excluded on Sepharose CL-4B and it had a higher 3H 35S ratio than the smaller component which was retarded on Sepharose CL-4B. The relative amount of the smaller component decreased progressively with repeated pilocarpine stimulation and it was not detected in secretions induced by ammonia. Pilocarpine stimulation caused little alteration in carbohydrate composition of the secreted glycoproteins. In response to ammonia, glycoproteins were secreted with a high sialic acid content but quantitatively they represented a small amount of material compared with that induced by pilocarpine. These findings suggest that tracheal glycoproteins from different epithelial-cell sources have distinctive chemical compositions and that their secretions may be independently regulated. The 35S-rich high-molecular-weight glycoproteins from the submucosal glands were of the mucin-type but those derived from the microvillus border may represent a different class of airway glycoproteins from typical epithelial mucins.

Alcian Blue↗
PubMed1986

Dental pathology of prehistoric residents of Oregon.

Dentitions of 208 prehistoric skeletal specimens from five geographic regions of Oregon were studied to describe their dental status. Comparisons were made of the incidence of specific pathologies among regions and between jaws. Maxillary premortem tooth losses were significantly higher than mandibular tooth loss. A relatively high caries incidence occurs in samples from the Willamette Valley and Klamath Basin, where plant foods were used aboriginally to a significant extent. A high frequency of abscesses was recorded in the Klamath Basin and the Lower Columbia River sample, which also showed the highest levels of attrition. Each of the five subsamples shows patterns of dental pathology consistent with former use of natural resources.

Dentition↗
PubMed1986

The progression of adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats and the effect of captopril.

The progression of adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats was studied over a 3-month period. The effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, on this model of renal disease, was also studied. Two weeks following a single iv injection of adriamycin, rats were divided into two treatment groups: one received a daily po dose of captopril and the other received a placebo. Measurements of renal function were performed at 4, 8, and 11 weeks following the initiation of therapy. Necropsies and light microscopic evaluation of the kidneys were performed at the end of the treatment period. Functional and morphologic alterations in both groups of rats were compared to each other and to normal age/weight-matched control rats studied over the same time period. At 13 weeks following the administration of adriamycin, both treatment groups had significant renal dysfunction when compared to normal controls. In addition to severe proteinuria, rats receiving adriamycin exhibited polyuria, polydipsia, increased plasma urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine, and decreased endogenous creatinine clearance. They had severe generalized kidney lesions characterized by tubular dilation and atrophy, cast formation, interstitial fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltration, and focal, global glomerulosclerosis. The histopathologic ranking of the kidneys was correlated with some antemortem laboratory parameters but not with the degree of proteinuria. Captopril had no ameliorating effects on the progression of renal disease. Certain findings indicate that captopril may actually have promoted the deterioration of renal function. We conclude that adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in the rat is a progressive disease resulting in generalized renal dysfunction, and that captopril, at the dose given in this experiment, is unable to slow the progression of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of captopril on the progression of induced pyelonephritis in the rat.

The effect of captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, was studied in rats subjected to Escherichia coli pyelonephritis. Eight weeks after pyelonephritis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats, the rats were randomly assigned to treatment groups based on urinary protein excretion. In experiment 1, rats were given captopril, 50 mg/kg of body weight, or saline solution via daily intraperitoneal injection. To eliminate complications with captopril-induced peritonitis, experiment 2 was performed in which rats were given the same treatment by daily gavage. In both experiments, 24-hour urinary protein excretion in the saline-treated rats was significantly greater than that of the captopril-treated rats after 12 weeks of treatment (P less than 0.05). Plasma urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, and endogenous creatinine clearance did not differ between treatment groups during the course of therapy in experiment 1. There were no differences in these values in experiment 2, except at week 8 of treatment when the captopril-treated rats had significantly lower plasma creatinine and higher endogenous creatinine clearance than did the saline-treated rats (P less than 0.05). There was also no difference between treatment groups in the degree of morphologic renal damage based on light microscopic evaluation of kidneys at the end of treatment.

Administration, Oral↗