Introduction to the special series--personality assessment instruments: current status and future directions.
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
R L Greene
Publications and source records attributed to R L Greene.
Current status of MMPI-2 research: a methodologic overview.
MMPI-2 research since 1990 has been reviewed to assess whether Butcher and Tellegen's (1978) concerns and suggestions about MMPI research were being followed. Guidelines are provided for when the MMPI-2 is appropriate to administer, how to describe the sample used, assessing validity of the profile, what scores to analyze, and how to report the results. Suggestions also are presented for research within several current areas of debate in the MMPI-2: codetype comparability between the MMPI and MMPI-2, incremental validity of new or existing scales, obvious and subtle subscales, emphasis on item content, development of new scales, and correcting profiles for specific medical and physical conditions.
Journal Article↗
SPECIAL SERIES: continuing issues in personality assessment introduction.
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Journal Article↗
Dimensions of deception in personality assessment: the example of the MMPI-2.
The topic of deception in personality assessment is discussed along a number of dimensions relevant to clinical practice. The dimensions described are consistency versus accuracy of item endorsement, simulation versus dissimulation, genetic versus specific deception, crude versus sophisticated deception, intentional versus nonintentional deception, self-deception versus impression management, and selectivity versus inclusiveness, as these may be encountered using the revised version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The emphasis is placed on deceptive strategies as operations as distinct from the traditional categories of response style such as social desirability. Directions for future research are indicated.
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SPECIAL SERIES: advances in statistical methods for personality assessment research.
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Journal Article↗
On the generality of the revelation effect.
Seven experiments demonstrate the robustness of the revelation effect, which is the tendency to call recognition test items old if they are distorted when they initially appear and if they are revealed before the recognition judgment. With anagrams as the distortion, a revelation effect was found in within- and between-subjects designs, in a frequency-judgment task, in a list-discrimination task, when new items were used as targets, when the study list and the test were presented in different modalities, and when the word that was revealed did not match the word that was recognized. These results challenge accounts that attribute the revelation effect either to an increase in the familiarity of the revealed test word or to a positive response bias.
Adult↗
The effects of vocalisation on situational frequency estimation.
Two experiments are reported that studied the effects of vocalisation on situational frequency judgment. Subjects saw lists of words and were later asked to judge frequency of occurrence on the list. In Experiment 1, the word list was learned incidentally, and frequency estimates were higher for words that subjects had read aloud during study than for those that had been read silently. In Experiment 2, an intentional-learning procedure was used; higher estimates for words read aloud than for those read silently were found when pronunciation was manipulated within subjects but not when it was manipulated between subjects. In all cases, pronunciation had no effect on estimates for words that had only been presented once on the study list. These results suggest that multiple processes may underlie frequency estimation.
Humans↗
Internal structure of the MMPI-2 Addiction Potential Scale in alcoholic and psychiatric inpatients.
Recently, Weed, Butcher, McKenna, and Ben-Porath (1992) introduced two new scales for assessing alcohol and drug abuse with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989): the Addiction Potential Scale (APS), an empirically derived measure similar to the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC; MacAndrew, 1965), and the Addiction Acknowledgement Scale. Like the MAC, the APS was designed to identify the personality dimensions associated with substance abuse. Although there has been evidence to support the discriminative validity of the APS among samples of abusers, nonabusers, and psychiatric inpatients (Greene, Weed, Butcher, Arrendondo, & Davis, 1992; Weed et al., 1992), there has been no attempt to determine the personality dimensions tapped by the APS. Thus our study investigated the internal complexities of the APS. Using MMPI-2 protocols from a sample of alcoholic and psychiatric inpatients, we subjected the APS to a principal components analysis with subsequent varimax rotation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to name the components that were identified. Five components consistently emerged across settings: Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction with Self, Powerlessness/Lack of Self-Efficacy, Antisocial Acting-Out, Surgency, and Risk-Taking/Recklessness, Clinical advantage gained from a knowledge of the internal structure of the APS was illustrated using 6 patients from the alcoholic sample. A rational approach to validating the empirical structure of the APS was discussed as a potential avenue for future research.
Adult↗
A strategic account of the cue-depreciation effect.
A word fragment is less likely to be completed if it is presented incrementally (R______P, R____R _ P, R_I__R_P, R_I__R O P) than if it is presented all at once (e.g., R_I__R O P). This phenomenon is known as the cue-depreciation effect. The present study examined the role of strategies in this phenomenon. The magnitude of the cue-depreciation effect was increased when subjects were asked to adopt a passive generation approach to word fragment completion. The current study investigated an extension of Bruner and Potter's (1964) early hypothesis-generation account of the cue-depreciation effect. Findings demonstrated the influence of completion strategies for a general theory of fragment completion.
Humans↗
Effect of corn and peanut cultivation on soil populations of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in southwestern Georgia.
The effect of corn and peanut cultivation on the proportion of Aspergillus flavus to A. parasiticus in soil was examined. Soil populations were monitored in three fields during three different years in southwestern Georgia. Each field was planted in both peanuts and corn, and soil was sampled within plots for each crop. A. flavus and A. parasiticus were present in similar proportions in plots from all fields at the beginning of the growing season. A. terreus, A. niger, and A. fumigatus were the other dominant aspergilli in soil. Fields A and B did not show drought stress in peanut or corn plants, and soil populations of A. flavus and A. parasiticus remained stable during the course of the year. In field C, drought stress in corn plants with associated A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination greatly increased soil populations of A. flavus relative to A. parasiticus upon dispersal of corn debris to the soil surface by a combine harvester. Colonization of organic debris after it has been added to the soil may maintain soil populations of A. parasiticus despite lower crop infection.
Arachis↗
Effect of Aspergillus parasiticus soil inoculum on invasion of peanut seeds.
Environmental control plots adjusted to late season drought and elevated soil temperatures were inoculated at peanut planting with low and high levels of conidia, sclerotia, and mycelium from a brown conidial mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus. Percentage infection of peanut seeds from undamaged pods was greatest for the subplot containing the high sclerotial inoculum (15/cm2 soil surface). Sclerotia did not germinate sporogenically and may have invaded seeds through mycelium. In contrast, the mycelial inoculum (colonized peanut seed particles) released large numbers of conidia into soil. Soil conidial populations of brown A. parasiticus from treatments with conidia and mycelium were positively correlated with the incidence of seed infection in undamaged pods. The ratio of A. flavus to wild-type A. parasiticus in soil shifted from 7:3 to 1:1 in the uninoculated subplot after instigation of drought, whereas in all subplots treated with brown A. parasiticus, the ratio of the two species became approximately 8:2. Despite high levels of brown A. parasiticus populations in soil, native A. flavus often dominated peanut seeds, suggesting that it is a more aggressive species. Sclerotia of wild-type A. parasiticus formed infrequently on preharvest peanut seeds from insect-damaged pods.
Aflatoxins↗
Effects of level of processing on implicit and explicit tasks.
The series of experiments presented in this article replicate the interaction that B. H. Challis and D. R. Brodbeck (1992) reported between list design (blocked or mixed) and level of processing for word fragment completion: The advantage for semantically processed words over shallowly processed words was greater when the conditions were blocked than when they were mixed on the study list. A similar interaction was found for perceptual identification (a data-driven implicit task) and priming in general knowledge questions (a conceptually driven implicit task). However, both data-driven and conceptually driven explicit tasks failed to reveal such a pattern.
Humans↗
Mirror effect in frequency discrimination.
In recognition, types of stimuli that are relatively easy to classify as old when old are also relatively easy to classify as new when new. The experiments reported here extend this mirror effect to discriminations among above-zero situational frequencies. Frequency discrimination exhibits a mirror effect when words are compared with nonwords or when low-linguistic-frequency words are compared with high-linguistic-frequency words. Accurate knowledge concerning the relative memorability of test items is neither necessary nor sufficient for the presence of a mirror effect.
Humans↗
Category-order effects in memory span.
When Ss are required to recall lists containing both words and digits, memory span is higher when the digits precede the words than when the words precede the digits. In Experiment 1, both forward and backward recall were tested; it was demonstrated that this category-order effect reflects the input position, and not the output position, of the items. Experiment 2 revealed that this effect was not eliminated by a filled retention interval. Experiment 3 showed that the effect was eliminated when lists were presented at a fast presentation rate. In Experiment 4, the effect was eliminated when Ss engaged in articulatory suppression. A 5th experiment extended the findings of Experiment 4 to the case in which lists are composed of semantically related or unrelated words. These results suggest that category-order effects reflect mnemonic activity that Ss engage in during list presentation and do not arise from structural characteristics of the memory system.
Humans↗
Clinical correlates of MMPI depression scales.
We investigated whether Scale 2 (Depression [D]) and the Wiggins Content Scale of Depression (DEP) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) have different clinical correlates when only one of these two scales is elevated. According, a group of patients who elevated DEP higher than Scale 2 (DEP > 2) were compared with a group of patients who elevated Scale 2 higher than DEP (2 > DEP). The patients with DEP > 2 were rated as being less severe than the patients with 2 > DEP on the following Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales: Somatic Concern (SOM), Emotional Withdrawal (WDRA), Depressive Mood (DEP), and Blunted Affect (AFF). The patients with DEP > 2 were rated as more severe on Excitement (EXC). The patients with DEP > 2 were more likely to receive the Axis I diagnoses of: bipolar disorder, manic, and alcohol abuse. Schizophrenia was equally probable for patients in the two groups. It appears that these two MMPI scales of depression have different clinical correlates when either one scale or the other is elevated.
Adult↗
Personality variables in cocaine- and marijuana-dependent patients.
Khantzian (1985) hypothesized that the drug of choice of patients with substance-dependence disorders reflects an attempt at self-medication. Cocaine- and marijuana-dependent inpatients were compared using the MMPI to test this hypothesis. These two groups of patients did not differ on the standard validity and clinical scales of the MMPI, and their scores were basically similar to a group of alcohol-dependent inpatients and a group of psychiatric patients of similar age. There was no single MMPI code type that was characteristic of either group of substance-dependent patients. It appears that drug of choice had little effect on the MMPI scores of these two groups of substance-dependent patients. These results are not consistent with the theory of self-medication.
Adult↗
Evidence against a short-term-store account of long-term recency effects.
When subjects perform a distractor task before and after every item on a list, recall of the last item is much higher than recall of items from the middle of the list. Koppenaal and Glanzer (1990) have shown that this long-term recency effect can be eliminated by using, after the last item, a distractor task different from that used elsewhere on the list. They interpreted this finding as evidence in favor of a short-term-store account of long-term recency effects. This account is challenged by the results reported here. Practice either on the task or on time-sharing between the task and list items had little impact on the recency effect. Also, substantial recency effects were found when a different distractor task occurred after every list position. Thus, it is not true that long-term recency effects are found only when subjects have an opportunity to adapt to the distractor task. Our results are not consistent with a short-term-store account of recency effects.
Adult↗
Clinical depression and implicit memory.
We investigated performance on implicit and explicit memory tasks in subjects diagnosed with major depression and matched controls. Depressed subjects showed impaired performance on both the explicit and implicit tasks in comparison with controls. These findings are in contrast to groups such as amnesic patients and older adults, who show preserved abilities on implicit tasks and deficits on explicit tasks.
Adult↗