(2.4)-Dimethoxybenzylidene anabaseine dihydrochloride (GTS-21), a compound that interacts with rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), was evaluated using human recombinant nAChRs in vitro and various pharmacokinetic and behavioral models in rodents, dogs and monkeys. GTS-21 bound to human alpha 4 beta 2 nAChR (K1-20 nM) 100-fold more potently than to human alpha 7 nAChR, and was 18- and 2-fold less potent than (-)-nicotine at human alpha 4 beta 2 and alpha 7 nAChR, respectively. Functionally. GTS-21 stimulated [5H]dopamine release from rat striatal slices with an EC50 of 10 +/- 2 microM (250-fold less potent and 70% as efficacious as (-)-nicotine), an effect blocked by the nAChR antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine. However, GTS-21 did not stimulate human alpha 4 beta 2 nor human ganglionic nAChRs significantly. In vivo, GTS-21 had no adverse effect on dog blood pressure (< or = 2.5 micromol/kg i.v. bolus infusion), in marked contrast with (-)-nicotine, GTS-21 (-62 micromol/kg.s.e.) also did not cross-discriminate significantly with (-)-nicotine in rats and did not reduce temperature or locomotion in mice. Neither was it active in the elevated plus maze anxiety model (0.19-6.2 micromol/kg.IP) in normal mice. However, GTS-21 did improve learning performance of monkeys in the delayed matching-to-sample task (32-130 nmol/kg.i.m.).

Animals↗

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The important role of infrared imaging in breast cancer.

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Breast Neoplasms↗

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Increasing the effective resolution of thermal infrared images.

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Algorithms↗

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Pathway to excellence: a peer based program in continuing education.

Maintaining the professional knowledge and competency needed to practice in today's acute care settings is becoming increasingly difficult. This article introduces a continuing education program developed to assist staff nurses in meeting their learning needs. "Pathway to Excellence: Continuing Professional Education" is a peer education program or nursing education for nurses, by nurses, that can be implemented in all areas of clinical practice.

Clinical Competence↗

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Anterior transposition of the inferior oblique.

An analysis of the technique and the results of anterior transposition compared to standard recession surgery on the inferior oblique muscle has been presented. Several potential advantages of anterior transposition have been suggested. Certainly, more data are required to corroborate the conclusion of this study and to more clearly delineate the appropriate place for anterior transposition of the inferior oblique in the armamentarium of the strabismus surgeon.

Follow-Up Studies↗

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Posterior superior oblique tenectomy at the scleral insertion for collapse of A-pattern strabismus.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of tenectomy of the posterior fibers of the superior oblique tendon at the scleral insertion to reduce A-pattern deviations with mild-to-moderate superior oblique overaction. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 22 consecutive patients with A-pattern strabismus and mild-to-moderate superior oblique overaction on whom posterior tenectomy of the superior oblique at the scleral insertion was performed between January 1988 and August 1994. Nine females and 13 males were included, with an age range of 3 to 36 years (mean 13.0 years). RESULTS: The average preoperative A-pattern for all patients was 18.0 prism diopters (delta) (10 to 33 delta), and a collapse of 16.1 delta was achieved (P < .000001). The average preoperative A-pattern for esotropic patients was 21.0 delta with an average correction of 18.6 delta. The average preoperative A-pattern for exotropic patients was 16.2 delta with a mean improvement of 14.5 delta. Twenty patients (91%) were postoperatively measured to have 6 delta or less difference between up and downgaze. Follow up ranged from 5.0 to 41.0 months (average, 14.0 months). CONCLUSIONS: This technique provides the surgeon with a predictable partial superior oblique weakening operation that carries a low risk of induced superior oblique palsy, unwanted cyclotorsion, or head tilt.

Adolescent↗