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Biomedical subjects

R L Borison

Publications and source records attributed to R L Borison.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Neuropharmacology of the extrapyramidal system.

The neuropharmacology and neuroanatomy of the extrapyramidal system are complex; however, in its most reductionistic state, this system is often described as a balance between the actions of dopamine and acetylcholine. In this paper, a thorough investigation of the neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology of the extrapyramidal system is undertaken, and an attempt is made to delineate the roles of other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that play an important role in its functioning. To demonstrate the therapeutic complexity of extrapyramidal system movement disorders, clinical literature is briefly reviewed to show the relative efficacies of anticholinergic and prodopaminergic antiparkinsonian agents in treating neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side effects and to show how drugs that affect alternative neurotransmitter systems have also been used to treat these same side effects.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacology of antipsychotic drugs.

Data on the pharmacologic dissimilarities of antipsychotic drugs, and the clinical consequences of these differences, are reviewed briefly, with an emphasis on the interaction of these drugs with dopaminergic systems. Although differential anticholinergic activity has been proposed as an explanation for purported differences in the incidence of anticholinergic side effects of various neuroleptics, a more plausible explanation relates to site specificity. The so-called atypical neuroleptics show far less dopamine blocking potency in human striatum compared to haloperidol, with equal receptor blocking potency in the limbic system. The model of site-specificity will be of major importance in the development of future antipsychotics, with the goal of decreasing the incidence of side effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Dyskinesias in the geriatric population.

In a population of 500 British geriatric nursing home patients, dyskinesias were assessed using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. The prevalence of spontaneous dyskinesias was 13.2%, whereas 22.1% of patients receiving neuroleptics medication demonstrated dyskinesias. The frequency was greater in male patients (21.2%) than in female patients (13.2%). Conjoint treatment with antipsychotic and antiparkinsonian medication resulted in the greatest prevalence of abnormal movements (40.6%). The average age of the study population was 82.6 years, and there was no trend for greater frequencies of dyskinesias according to age.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Treatment approaches in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

The neurological disorder Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is most often treated with the receptor blocker haloperidol, which also produces multiple side-effects, including the risk for tardive dyskinesia. In placebo control double-blind studies, two other neuroleptic drugs, fluphenazine and trifluoperazine, were found to be as efficaceous as haloperidol, but with fewer side-effects. In other studies, clonidine was shown to be equally efficaceous with haloperidol, but did not produce adverse central nervous system side-effects. To treat the extrapyramidal side-effects accompanying the treatment of Tourette syndrome with neuroleptic agents, amantadine and benztropine were compared in a crossover study. It was demonstrated that amantadine is a superior agent in treating the side effects of haloperidol treatment in Tourette syndrome. The use of lithium was without significant action upon lessening the tics of Tourette syndrome.

Amantadine↗
PubMed1983

Regional selectivity of neuroleptic drugs: an argument for site specificity.

Differences among neuroleptic drugs in their abilities to produce extrapyramidal side-effects have alternatively been ascribed to their inherent anticholinergic effect or their preferential action with particular brain areas. Animal behavioral studies in rats, with the intralimbic or intrastriatal injection of dopamine demonstrate that atypical neuroleptics, i.e., clozapine, thioridazine, show a greater relative preference for blocking dopamine's limbic actions. Studies using the rat model of tardive dyskinesia (neuroleptic-induced behavioral hypersensitivity), suggest that the atypical neuroleptics are again unique. Receptor ligand studies in rat brain and human brain, using 3H-spiroperidol, show that haloperidol produces a preferential blockade of striatal receptor sites, whereas clozapine and thioridazine are most active at limbic sites. Biochemical data in animals and clinical data in man are reviewed to further support the concept of site specificity.

Animals↗