Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R Katz.
The crime rate in 29 counties was compared with the level of enforcement of laws restricting youth purchases. There was a linear relationship between crime rate and enforcement. Communities with the highest enforcement policies had the lowest crime rates.
This paper suggests an alternative to the commonly-held "scarcity paradigm" of thinking about valued human resources, which assumes individuals must compete because resources are scarce. The alternative--the "synergy paradigm"--is empitomized in "synergistic community," where valued human resources are renewable and expanding, and distributed equitably to members, so that what is good for one is good for all and the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Three field studies present cross-cultural evidence for the functioning of empowerment within a synergistic paradigm. Empowerment is considered as access to and control of valued resources; the specific valued resource focused upon is community healing. The studies suggest that community healing resources can become renewable and expanding, as can the process of empowerment which accesses them. Community members share these resources, combining conflicting resources into unexpectedly effective treatment packages. Given present inequities in resource distribution, transformative education is offered as one means to support a shift in thinking toward synergy.
There is a crisis in health care resulting from the scarcity of resources and the inequitable distribution of those resources toward those most able to pay. Two paradigms for the generation and distribution of resources are discussed. The scarcity paradigm, in which individuals must compete for scarce resources, dominates Western care and expresses and supports that crisis. The synergy paradigm, in which individuals share resources which are renewable and expanding, is rare in the West but could help alleviate that crisis. Three case studies of synergy in Western health care are presented, illustrating the nature and functioning of "synergistic community". Dilemmas remaining in the introduction and maintenance of synergy within Western care are discussed.
INTRODUCTION: Maintaining cricothyrotomy skills is difficult for air medical crewmembers because the procedure is performed infrequently. The purposes of this study were to review our program's experience with cricothyrotomies and use this pilot study to guide an industry-wide study. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all cricothyrotomies performed by our flight crew during the past 12 years. The flight logs were reviewed for patient demographics, scene information, clinical data, and procedure data. RESULTS: During this period, 8833 patients were transported: 1589 required intubation (18%), and eight of the 1589 required a cricothyrotomy (0.5%). Five nurses (14% of the total employed during the study) and one physician attempted this procedure. All patients had at least one intubation attempt before the cricothyrotomy (average 3.6, range 1-6 attempts). Six (75%) patients had airway edema, four (50%) had an unstable trachea, and one patient (12.5%) had an airway obstruction. Five (62.5%) of the cricothyrotomy attempts were successful. The remaining three patients were managed with bag-valve mask ventilation. Three patients arrived at the receiving hospital with a perfusing rhythm. CONCLUSION: Cricothyrotomy, rarely performed by our flight crews, is successful in 62.5% of cases. These preliminary data suggest current training practices should be re-evaluated. An industrywide survey is planned to determine the optimal training program.
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Studies on Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma neurolyticum mitogenesis demonstrated that macrophages are not essential for the interactions of M. neurolyticum with B lymphocytes, whereas M. pulmonis that stimulates B and T lymphocytes depends on macrophages to fully exert its mitogenic effects. Membranes of both species carry the mitogenic as well as pathogenic potentials. However, M. neurolyticum major mitogens are biochemically distinct from those of M. pulmonis. Furthermore, M. pulmonis mitogenesis is directly correlated to the mycoplasmal-induced pathogenic effects, while no such correlation could be established with M. neurolyticum. It was, therefore, concluded that M. pulmonis and M. neurolyticum differ in the biochemical and biological natures of their mitogens.