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Biomedical subjects

R J Barnard

Publications and source records attributed to R J Barnard.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Steroid hormone receptors in the female lower urinary tract.

The preliminary results of a study to estimate the level of cytosol oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the lower urinary tract are presented. 29 full thickness biopsies were obtained from the vault, trigone and urethra of 9 female surgical patients aged 13-72 years. Cytosol assay for oestradiol-17 beta receptors and progesterone receptors was performed. Oestrogen receptors were present in all 5 urethral specimens examined and with a consistently higher concentration in the middle and distal thirds in comparison to the proximal urethra. In only 1 of the 9 vault specimens and 8 trigone specimens were receptors found and those in small quantities. No progesterone receptors were determined in any of the vault, trigone and urethral specimens examined. The presence of oestrogen receptors in the middle and distal thirds of the human female urethra is strong supportive evidence of the sensitivity of the urethra to oestrogens, and the higher concentration of those receptors in these sites in comparison to the proximal urethra, vault and trigone confirms the common embryological origin of the distal urethra and vagina from the definitive urogenital sinus. The absence of measurable progesterone receptors in all the lower urinary tract specimens examined is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

High pressure chronic retention.

In a prospective study of high pressure chronic retention, a newly defined disorder of the urinary tract, 21 patients were analysed for their mode of presentation and urodynamic, renographic, and operative findings. High pressure chronic retention is characterised by late onset enuresis, a tense, palpable bladder, hypertension, and progressive renal impairment associated with bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter commonly leading to uraemia and death. Obstructive urological symptoms are typically absent in uncomplicated cases. The study confirmed that patients with the disorder are commonly elderly and present, not necessarily to a urologist, with late onset enuresis or symptoms of cardiac decompensation. After transurethral resection the patients, if correctly managed, may be expected to make a satisfactory recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of a high-complex-carbohydrate, low-fat diet and daily exercise on individuals 70 years of age and older.

Data were obtained from 70 individuals (M age = 78.7, SE = 4.1 years) who attended the Pritikin Longevity Center's 26-day residential program where they were exposed to a high-complex-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, and daily exercise. During the 26-day program, serum cholesterol was reduced from 222 (SE = 5) to 179 (SE = 5) mg/dl, and triglycerides were reduced from 156 (SE = 10) to 141 (SE = 7) mg/dl. Body weight was reduced an average of 2.2 kg. Treadmill performance increased from 3.7 (SE = .1) to 5.5 (SE = .2) METs. During the final week of the program, average daily walking was 5.1 (SE = .3) km. Forty-six hypertensive patients reduced their pressure from 154/80 to 150/77 mmHg, with 9 of 18 patients discontinuing their antihypertensive medication. Thirteen type II diabetic patients reduced their fasting serum glucose from 164 (SE = 4) to 120 (SE = 2) mg/dl.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Are we using the right irrigation system?

The relationships between bladder pressure and irrigant fluid flow rate were tested using two commonly used supply systems and a 27 FG Storz resectoscope. Simple and inexpensive modifications would enable transurethral prostatectomy to be carried out with reduced intravesical pressure and less risk of fluid absorption. With a continuous suction resectoscope, the modified system allows accurate balance of the inflow and outflow of the irrigant fluid.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Medical evaluation of fire fighters: How fit are they for duty?

Aside from the obvious dangers to life and limb associated with the job, fire fighting subjects the body to environmental and physical stressors that can adversely affect various systems. In fact, the effects of these stressors on the cardiovascular system have made coronary heart disease a greater killer among fire fighters than among other occupational groups. The approach to medical evaluation of fire fighters presented here is based on an appreciation of these stressors.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1982

Left ventricular O2 requirements of pressure and volume loading in the normal canine heart and inaccuracy of pressure-derived indices of O2 demand.

The purpose of this study was to: 1) re-evaluate the left ventricular O2 requirements (MVO2) of pressure and volume-loading; and b) assess the accuracy of pressure-derived indices of left ventricular (LV) O2 demand under pressure-loading and volume-loading conditions. Using a right heart bypass preparation (heart rate 150 beats . min-1), mean arterial pressure (7.3 to 22.9 kPa) and cardiac output (0.8 to 6.0 litre . min-1) were varied independently. Adequate left ventricular O2 supply was demonstrated by normal transmural distribution of blood flow, normal myocardial lactate metabolism, and intact reactive hyperaemic responses. For equivalent increases in cardiac external work (from 2 to 4 joules . min-1) pressure-loading and volume-loading resulted in similar increases in O2 uptake (59% and 49%, respectively, P = 0.21). MVO2 was consistently greater for volume-loading than for pressure-loading at any SPTI, pressure-rate product, and triple product. The prediction of O2 demands by these indices under these loading conditions collectively was unreliable (r = 30 to 0.42). O2 requirements of the left ventricle with both pressure-loading and volume-loading were highly correlated (r = 0.82 to 0.99) with meridional wall stress. We conclude that: 1) volume-loading conditions have a greater O2 requirement than appreciated previously; 2) pressure loads and volume loads require similar O2 uptake in the normal canine heart for similar external work; 3) currently used pressure-derived indices are unreliable predictors of LV O2 demand when loading conditions are varied; and 4) O2 requirements are more uniformly related to meridional wall stress.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Mast cells in interstitial cystitis.

Specific clinical criteria have been used to diagnose interstitial cystitis in 32 patients. The distribution of mast cells in biopsies of the bladder wall from these patients has been compared with that of similar cells in control specimens. A highly significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the number of mast cells within the detrusor muscle bundles has been demonstrated in 27 of these patients. This mast cell infiltration is widespread throughout the detrusor muscle and is not confined to the ulcerative lesions seen cystoscopically. Histological estimation of mast cells is of value, therefore, in establishing the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis, and may be particularly helpful in equivocal cases. The relationship between mast cell infiltration of the detrusor muscle bundles and the aetiology of the disease remains to be determined.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1982

Factors influencing salvage cystectomy results.

Analysis of 86 patients who underwent salvage cystectomy following a radical course of radiotherapy for bladder cancer and 37 patients who underwent primary cystectomy has shown a greater survival for women than men. The following factors were associated with a significant deterioration in survival: 1. Age at time of cystectomy: post-operative mortality and tumour recurrence are greater over the age of 70. 2. Non-function of one kidney on IVU. 3. Grade 3 tumour on cystectomy specimen. 4. pT3 or pT4 tumour on cystectomy specimen.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Microbiological quality of frozen cauliflower, corn, and peas obtained at retail markets.

The microbiological quality of blanched frozen cauliflower, cut corn, and peas at the retail level was determined. At 35 degrees C, mean aerobic plate count (APC) values for cauliflower, corn, and peas, respectively, were 30,000, 6,100, and 4,700 per g; at 30 degrees C, the mean APC values were 45,000, 8,500, and 6,800 per g, respectively. Geometric means for coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus counts for all three vegetables were less than 10 per g.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1982

Microbiological quality of macaroni and noodle products obtained at retail markets.

The microbiological quality of macaroni and noodle products was determined by a statistically based national survey at the retail level. Geometric means of aerobic plate counts for macaroni and noodle products were 520 and 1,400 per g, respectively. Means for yeast and mold counts were 72 per g for macaroni and 100 per g for noodles. Means for counts of coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were less than 3 per g for both products. Escherichia coli was not found in macaroni but was present in 0.5% of the noodle samples and ranged from 3 to 93 per g.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1982

Microbiological quality of some spices and herbs in retail markets.

The microbiological quality of 10 spices or herbs was determined by a national survey at the retail level. Aerobic plate count values for the 10 products ranged from less than 100 to 3.1 X 10(8) per g; mean values of the individual spices or herbs ranged from 1,400 to 820,000 per g. Coliform counts ranged from less than 3 to 1.1 X 10(6) per g; however, mean values were less than 20 per g for all products. Escherichia coli counts ranged from less than 3 to 2,300 per g. Except for celery seed, which had a mean value of 7 per g, all mean values were less than 3 per g. Yeast and mold counts were made for 5 of the 10 products. Mean values were generally low; the highest mean (290 per g) was obtained for cinnamon.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1982

Microbiological quality of five potato products obtained at retail markets.

The microbiological quality of frozen hash brown potatoes, dried hash brown potatoes with onions, frozen french fried potatoes, dried instant mashed potatoes, and potato salad was determined by a national sampling at the retail level. A wide range of results was obtained, with most sampling units of each products having excellent microbiological quality. Geometric mean aerobic plate counts were as follows: dried hash brown potatoes, 270/g; frozen hash brown potatoes with onions, 580/g; frozen french fried potatoes 78/g; dried instant mashed potatoes, 1.1 x 10(3)/g; and potato salad, 3.6 x 10(3)/g. Mean values of coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were less than 10/g.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1982

The management of urinary incontinence.

Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of urine which is a social or hygienic problem and is objectively demonstrable. It is common in the general population and not all patients will report the presence of the problem because of, among other things, embarrassment. Assessment is important and should be multi-disciplinary. It includes a history, physical examination and some simple tests. A bladder chart kept by the patient aids assessment. Most patients can then be categorized and further testing planned. These tests are usually invasive and include urodynamic tests and electromyographic studies. With their conclusion treatment can be instituted, such as bladder training, drugs and various aids and appliances.

Electromyography↗
PubMed1981

Cardiac sarcolemma: compositional adaptation to exercise.

Marked changes were observed in the lipid composition of highly purified plasma membranes isolated from the hearts of rats subjected to daily treadmill running. Compared to sedentary controls, sarcolemmal content of total phospholipid and phosphatidylserine in the trained group was increased 23 and 50 percent, respectively. This observation suggests a mechanism by which cardiac contractility may be enhanced by exercise.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1981

Renal imaging: a comparison of radionuclide, ultrasound, and computed tomographic scanning in investigation of renal space-occupying lesions.

Two studies were carried out in which 27 and 23 patients respectively with renal space-occupying lesions were assessed by different techniques and the results compared. Instead of proceeding to renal arteriography after the lesion had been found on urography, radionuclide and ultrasound scanning were used in the first study to clarify the nature of the lesions, while in the second study computed tomography was used as well. Results were good with all three methods, although ultrasonography and radionuclide scanning cannot resolve lesions of under 2 cm in diameter and the radiation dose with computed tomography is similar to that used in renal arteriography. Probably the best method of evaluating renal space-occupying lesions after urography is to use both ultrasound and radionuclide scanning. If further information is required computed tomography or arteriography is indicated.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1981

Surgical management of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.

The management of 10 patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis causing obstructive uropathy is presented. In all cases the obstruction was relieved by ureterolysis and corticosteroid therapy was not used during the initial treatment. In 9 patients the operation was well tolerated but one, who developed a pyonephrosis after pre-operative ureteric drainage, died of septiceamia 15 days post-operatively. In 2 patients further explorations and ureterolysis were necessary for recurrent fibrosis which may have been related to urinary leakage. A policy for the management of these cases is presented which recommends the use of silastic tubing splints after ureteric mobilisation and the use of an omental wrap.

Adult↗