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R Hull

Publications and source records attributed to R Hull.

240 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
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A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes.

This article is the result of an initiative between the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Associations (EFPIA) and the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). Its objectives are to provide the researcher in the safety evaluation laboratory with an up-to-date, easy-to-use set of data sheets to aid in the study design process whilst at the same time affording maximum welfare considerations to the experimental animals. Although this article is targeted at researchers in the European Pharmaceutical Industry, it is considered that the principles underpinning the data sets and refinement proposals are equally applicable to all those who use these techniques on animals in their research, whether in research institutes, universities or other sectors of industry. The implications of this article may lead to discussion with regulators, such as those responsible for pharmacopoeial testing. There are numerous publications dealing with the administration of test substances and the removal of blood samples, and many laboratories also have their own "in-house" guidelines that have been developed by custom and practice over many years. Within European Union Directive 86/609EEC1 we have an obligation to refine experiments to cause the minimum amount of stress. We hope that this article will provide background data useful to those responsible for protocol design and review. This guide is based on peer-reviewed publications whenever possible, but where this is not possible we have used "in-house" data and the experience of those on the working party (as well as helpful comments submitted by the industry) for a final opinion. The guide also addresses the continuing need to refine the techniques associated with the administration of substances and the withdrawal of blood, and suggests ways of doing so. Data-sharing between laboratories should be encouraged to avoid duplication of animal work, as well as sharing practical skills concerning animal welfare and scientific problems caused by "overdosing" in some way or another. The recommendations in this guide refer to the "normal" animal, and special consideration is needed, for instance, during pregnancy and lactation. Interpretation of studies may be confounded when large volumes are administered or excessive sampling employed, particularly if anaesthetics are used.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence for proteolytic processing of tobacco mosaic virus movement protein in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Two ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana were transformed with the gene encoding tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (P30). P30 accumulated largely in a subcellular fraction containing cell wall components and as a soluble protein. The protein migrated in denaturing gels with an M(r) of 30K, significantly faster than P30 (M(r) approximately 34K) accumulating after expression in transgenic tobacco, Escherichia coli or Spodoptera frugiperda cells, or after virus multiplication in tobacco. The P30 from A. thaliana infected with TMV for 14 days comigrated with that from E. coli, but that from A. thaliana infected for 49 days was of the smaller size. The use of antisera specific for the N- or C-termini of P30 showed that in A. thaliana P30 was proteolytically processed at the N-terminus, a region essential for P30 function. The failure of these plants to complement a TMV P30 mutant indicated that processed P30 was nonfunctional, although the processing was not so rapid that it prevented the development of systemic infections with wild type TMV. The absence of detectable P30 phosphorylation in A. thaliana demonstrated that phosphorylation was not essential for movement protein function and suggested that this species may use proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminus as an alternative strategy to tobacco for deactivating P30.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanisms of protection induced by attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. IV. Protection against challenge with virus grown in autologous simian cells.

Attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) induces potent protection against infection with wild-type virus, but the mechanism of this immunity remains obscure. Allogeneic antibodies, which arise within animals as a result of SIV infection, might protect against challenge with exogenous SIV grown in allogeneic cells. To test this hypothesis, eight macaques were infected with attenuated SIV and subsequently challenged with wild-type SIV grown in autologous cells or heterologous cells. The results clearly demonstrated that animals infected with attenuated SIV are protected against wild-type SIV grown in autologous or heterologous cells. Thus, the hypothesis that live attenuated SIV protects by the induction of allogeneic antibodies is not tenable.

AIDS Vaccines↗