Three selected anticonvulsants, phenobarbitone (PHB), diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and carbamazepine (CAA) were examined for embryotoxic and teratogenic activity in albino mice. After oral treatment of the dams during the period of organogenesis (days 6-15 of gestation) with both PHB and DPH in doses causing marked symptoms and signs of toxicity (40 and 170 mg/kg/day respectively), an abnormally high incidence of cleft palate was observed in the foetuses (4.3% and 9.3% resp.). In a cumulative control group of foetuses, the incidence of this particular malformation was only 0.13%. No significant change in the malformation rate was seen after the administration of CAA in doses up to 250 mg/kg/day. Slight to moderate retardation of foetal growth was noted after treatment with DPH and CAA, but only at the higer and toxic dose levels. DPH also increased the incidence of early embryonic deaths (deciduomata).

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Setting aside gender.

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Career Choice↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A prospective study of symptomatic hypoglycemia in young diabetic patients.

The frequency of symptomatic hypoglycemia was determined prospectively over an 18-mo period in 147 children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus. All patients were treated with two daily injections of insulin. The data were analyzed to determine the relationship between episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia and blood glucose control as assessed by hemoglobin A1c measurements. There were 542 patient visits during the study period. During each clinic visit, patients were separated into one of four hypoglycemic categories based on the medical history since the preceding visit. These categories were: no reactions, mild to occasional reactions, mild to frequent reactions, and severe reactions. Reactions were considered severe if they were characterized by altered central nervous system function or prolonged sympathetic nervous system symptoms. Forty-seven percent of the patients reported at least one reaction during the 18-mo study period, but only 4% (i.e., 6 out of 147 patients) reported severe reactions. The mean hemoglobin A1c level was significantly lower in patients who reported reactions than in patients who did not report reactions [hemoglobin A1c values (x +/- SEM) = 7.78 +/- 0.1% vs. 9.48 +/- 0.1%, respectively; P less than 0.001]. The severity of hypoglycemia was inversely related to the degree of altered blood glucose control; episodes of frequent or severe symptomatic hypoglycemia occurred almost exclusively in patients with well-controlled diabetes as reflected in their near-normal hemoglobin A1c levels. There were no significant differences in mean insulin dose/kg, age, or duration of diabetes comparing patients in the four hypoglycemic categories. The results indicate that the hemoglobin A1c level can be a useful clinical guide to identify patients who are most likely to develop serious symptomatic hypoglycemia.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

How will Kati nurse?

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Aged↗

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Covalent immunochemical membrane labeling of viable cells with K698-T708, a simian virus 40 tumor antigen-derived peptide.

The process of covalent immunochemical linking of viable cell membranes with a Simian Virus 40 (SV40) tumor antigen-derived undecapeptide, K(698)PPTPPPEPET(708) (KT), is described. The principle applied was the reaction of the lysine residue, K 698, of the undecapeptide with the succinimidyl moiety of a heterobifunctional linker molecule, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) or sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodo-acetyl)aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB). Thereby, upon release of N-hydroxy-succinimide, the rest of the linker molecule reacts covalently with the epsilon-NH2 group of lysine. Upon release of pyridyl-2-thion or hydrogen iodide, respectively, the second reactive moiety of the linker is then ready to form a covalent bond with SH-groups of cell membrane compounds. As a result, KT is covalently linked onto the cell membrane by an -SS- or an -S-bond, respectively. Binding is prevented by treatment of the candidate cells with iodoacetamide, an SH-reactive compound. This artificial cell membrane epitope can be demonstrated by surface immunofluorescence and by binding to immunomagnetic beads loaded with PAb1605, a KT-specific monoclonal antibody. Quantitation by cytofluorimetry shows some 10(4) KT molecules bound per cell, a number that is in the range of the number of SV40 tumor antigen molecules of genuine SV40-transformed mammalian cells.

Animals↗

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Index of professional nursing governance.

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Decision Making, Organizational↗