A questionnaire measure of neuroticism using a shortened scale derived from the Cornell Medical Index.
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Female↗
Biomedical subjects
R Hanson
Publications and source records attributed to R Hanson.
Cerebral venous thrombosis as a cause of neonatal seizures.
Intracranial venous thrombosis has been described in newborns, but there have been no reports of intractable neonatal seizures due to this condition. We report cortical venous sinus thrombosis in two term neonates who presented with seizures in the first 24 hours of life. The diagnosis was made by cranial computed tomography and was confirmed by cerebral angiography. Both patients improved clinically after the intracranial venous thrombosis resolved. These patients demonstrate that intracranial venous thrombosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal seizures.
Cerebral Angiography↗
Item reliability for the Griffiths scales of mental development.
As a preliminary to the revision of the Griffiths scales, the 498 items constituting the original test were studied in terms of inter-observer agreement over the scoring, using videotapes of tests, given to children aged from 2 months to 7 years, and large scoring panels. Fifty-seven items failed to be administered or scored adequately often. One hundred and twelve were found to be unreliable on one in three administrations and only 23 were unreliable on two of three administrations. Among items scored sufficiently often, 88% of all administrations were reliable. Subscale differences were not as expected since the locomotor, personal--social and hearing and speech scales fared no worse than hand--eye coordination. Inter-observer agreement varied with the age of the children. Subscale weaknesses were examined in terms of the age ranges most concerned.
Child↗
Some reasons for disagreement among scorers of infant intelligence test items.
Six videotapes covering 1406 administrations of items from the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development were made, and each one was shown to a different panel of 9 or 10 observers. Each person independently scored the items and made comments on administration and scoring. Reasons for disagreements among scorers were considered in terms of these comments and the characteristics of individuals and groups participating. Disagreement was particularly high for items from the Baby Scales. This was at least partly due to use of mothers' reports. Mothers' reports were found to present a particular problem when elicited on occasions for which they are not recommended by the manual. Across all ages disagreement was related to difficulties with both administrative and scoring criteria. The present study was designed to be sensitive to a range of sources of unreliability and the findings may have relevance for other infant assessment procedures.
Child Development↗
Achievement of infants on items of the Griffiths scales: 1980 compared with 1950.
As a preliminary to the revision of the Griffiths scales, 79 examiners throughout Britain tested 447 infants under the age of 2 years during 1978-1982. Compared with the original standardization sample of 1947-1951, the 1980 sample mean general quotient (GQ) was significantly higher, even after adjustments had been made for a slightly skewed social class distribution. Nor did regional differences between samples account for the GQ differences. Unreliable items were not significantly more common among those where the median age at passing had changed most. Various technical difficulties in representing differences between samples were encountered and dealt with. A population's overall results may be given in terms of mean score increase per month, median age advance in weeks or months, e.g. per year, and increase in general developmental quotient. Findings of differences between populations in age at passing individual items can be given as advances in median age, but are better expressed as ratios of the median ages of the two samples in order to deal with the differences in the chronological age for which items are designed. Only then can items be compared for amount of change. In terms of score and mental age advances the second year appears more changed than the first, but in terms of GQ the reverse is true. The locomotor scale mean differs more than other scales from the original norms for both years of infancy, while the personal-social scale differs more in the first year. Taking the most cautious estimate of differences from the data available on both samples, at least 160 items are now passed earlier than in the 1950 sample and the ratio of 1950 to 1980 ages is greater than 110 for 83 of those. Further study of the Griffiths scales items, in relation to one another and to cultural factors, seems feasible on the basis of steps illustrated in this paper.
Achievement↗
Achievements of young children on items of the Griffiths scales: 1980 compared with 1960.
Changes are described in the achievements of children aged 2-8 years on the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development (Extension) between 1960 when the extended scale was introduced and 1980. Satisfactory performance was achieved on the majority of test items at a considerably younger age than in 1960. Two hundred and seventeen children were tested between 1978 and 1982 and compared with 1397 children in the original '1960' sample. The mean general quotient of 111.7 for the total 1980 sample is significantly higher than the mean of 100.4 for the 1960 children. Although the numbers of '1980' children are relatively small, findings are in agreement with other recent studies which have found average quotients for normal children to be significantly higher than the original norms. Within the overall change in mean score, social class differences were significant. When subscales and different age groups were examined separately, hand-eye coordination and the latter half of the 2nd year were least changed. The importance for clinicians of the ceiling effect of the Griffiths scales is discussed. The present study suggests that for many normal children in their 5th and 6th years the test does not extend far enough for them to reach their true ceiling, making the test of limited use with a significant proportion of children past their 4th birthday.
Achievement↗
Rate and volume of intermittent enteral feeding.
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of the volume of enteral feedings and the rate at which they were administered on subject tolerance and gastric pressure changes. Fourteen normal volunteers received enteral feedings on 9 or 10 separate days. These feedings (Ensure) were administered in combinations of 3 volumes (250, 350, and 500 ml) and of 2 rates (30 and 85 ml/min). The effect on gastric motility was monitored by an open-tipped catheter. Nine of the subjects also received 750 ml administered at 30 ml/min. Six of the 14 subjects experienced nausea and/or discomfort during the first feeding trial (250 ml at 30 ml/min); however, subsequent feedings were tolerated without this discomfort. The rate at which feedings were administered had little effect on the time following feeding until the return of regular motility or on the mean motility index when 250 ml were administered; however, when larger volumes were administered at the faster rate, longer time was taken for the return of regular motility. Feedings administered at the faster rate were associated with a greater number of subjective complaints of abdominal discomfort, nausea, fullness, and cramping. The volume of a feeding has a significant effect on both the time required for regular motility to return following feeding and on the mean motility index, with the larger feeding volumes suppressing activity progressively longer. The volume of feeding (up to 750) ml) had little effect upon symptomatic tolerance of subjects when these feedings were administered at 30 ml/min. There was no significant interaction effect of rate and volume on the time required for motility to return following feedings. The results of this study indicate that normal subjects can tolerate bolus feedings of (250-750 ml) administered at 30 ml/min without distress. Additional studies are needed to compare bolus and continuous feedings in relation to patient tolerance, gastric emptying, and nutritional outcome.
Adult↗
Collaborative nursing research: anatomy of a successful consortium.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the collaborative efforts of one successful research group. The Tube Feed Consortium Group was composed of seven investigators who lived in four different geographic locations. One of the members served as principal investigator and chairman of the group; the others as coinvestigators. A coinvestigator served as principal investigator in each location, managing subcontracted budgets and scientific concerns. This structure promoted efficiency in budget management, conflict management, and division of labor. Major advantages to this approach to the conduct of research included (a) a large number of subjects studied in a relatively short time period; (b) a data collection structure, which permitted wider generalization than data collected in one institution by one investigator; (c) a mechanism for direct replication and replication with expansion; (d) maximum usage and distribution of resources between investigators. Mechanisms established early in the history of the group helped to achieve maximum communication, resolve potential conflicts, ensure reliability of data, ensure publication and presentation rights of collaborators, and manage the overall budget and subcontracts. The group remained intact for eight years, completed all the proposed studies plus other related studies, presented numerous papers, and continues to publish findings of these endeavors.
Animals↗
Sore points sorted.
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Clinical Nursing Research↗