Initiating ethanol drinking in a simian social group in a naturalistic setting.
We examined in nine group-living, male Japanese Snow monkeys the initiation of alcohol-drinking behavior in an enriched environment where both social and nonsocial stimuli could influence drinking. The monkeys usually could move freely between an indoor shelter and a large outdoor corral, which contained three drinkometers. During daily 2-hr sessions in pre- and post-training periods (with food and water available ad libitum), the drinkometers held (on different days) Koolaid-saccharin, water, water with 5% ethanol, Koolaid-saccharin with 5% ethanol, or Koolaid-sucrose with acetic acid (matched in calories and palatability to Koolaid-saccharin with 5% ethanol). Between pre- and post-training periods was a long training period, in which Koolaid-saccharin with various ethanol concentrations was presented with the daily food ration in 2-hr drinking sessions. On other selected training days, water with 5% ethanol was presented. During training sessions some monkeys drank high doses; others did not. During the period of peak drinking, the daily mean ethanol consumption ranged among animals from 0.54-1.99 ml/kg. Blood ethanol concentrations then sometimes exceeded 100 mg/dl. During the post-training period, with return to ad libitum food and water, consumption declined from these peaks, but remained significantly higher than pretraining consumption; the ethanol solution was established as a reinforcer. Monkeys differed significantly in the extent of this pre/post increase. In both pre- and post-training periods, consumption was significantly greater when all three drinkometers operated, compared with only one. On pretraining days when only one drinkometer operated, more dominant animals drank significantly more than less dominant animals; this difference disappeared by the post-training period, as less dominant animals learned to use the drinkometers at times when the dominant animals eschewed the machines. Pretraining consumption did not predict (among animals) post-training consumption. Before, during, and after training, these animals drank less of both alcohol and control solutions than did members of another species, which we had studied in smaller indoor pens. We discuss possible explanations and implications.