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Biomedical subjects

R H Hawes

Publications and source records attributed to R H Hawes.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy. A prospective series with emphasis on the increased risk associated with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and nondilated bile ducts.

Mostly retrospective series with limited use of sphincter of Oddi manometry have indicated that early complications are more common when endoscopic sphincterotomy is performed for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction than for common duct stones. The current study was undertaken to prospectively evaluate the frequency and type of complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy performed for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction compared with endoscopic sphincterotomy performed for other conditions. Four hundred twenty-three patients underwent sphincterotomy for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (166), common duct stone(s) (163), tumor (60), and miscellaneous reasons (34). Patients were observed in the hospital for at least 24 hours after the procedure, and 30-day follow-up data were obtained. The overall complication rate was 6.9%, but complications were more frequent when sphincterotomy was performed for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction than for all other indications (10.8% vs. 4.3%; P = 0.009). Precut sphincterotomy was more frequently required in the sphincter of Oddi dysfunction group (21.1% vs. 11.7%, P = 0.009) but was no more likely to result in a complication (6.2%) than standard sphincterotomy. The risk of a complication was considerable for a small-diameter common bile duct (less than or equal to 5 mm), particularly when sphincterotomy was performed for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (37.5%). The overall 30-day mortality rate was 1.7%, but the procedure-related mortality rate was believed to be 0.2%. It is concluded that endoscopic sphincterotomy for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is more hazardous than for other conditions, particularly when a small common bile duct is present.

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde↗
PubMed1991

Frequency of abnormal sphincter of Oddi manometry compared with the clinical suspicion of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.

Patients with pancreaticobiliary pain or idiopathic pancreatitis have been classified as having definitive (type I), presumptive (type II), or possible (type III) sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) based on clinical, laboratory, and ERCP data. This study was undertaken to determine the frequency of abnormal sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) when patients are classified by this system. Two hundred and thirteen patients with pancreaticobiliary pain were evaluated clinically; SOM, ERCP, and ductal contrast drainage time tests were performed. For biliary types I, II, and III, the frequency of abnormal SOM was 85.7%, 55.1%, and 28.1%, respectively. Similarly, for pancreatic types I, II, and III, an elevated basal sphincter pressure occurred in 92.3%, 58.2%, and 35.1%, respectively. When patients with an abnormal basal sphincter pressure were characterized by the magnitude of the elevation, the manometric profiles were similar for types I, II, and III. These data suggest that elevated sphincter pressure occurs more frequently in type III patients than previously reported, and supports consideration of SOM when evaluating and treating type II and type III patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Flexible sigmoidoscopy plus air contrast barium enema versus colonoscopy for suspected lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

A randomized, controlled trial was performed to compare the diagnostic yields and cost-effectiveness of two strategies for the evaluation of nonemergent lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Three hundred eighty patients aged greater than or equal to 40 yr were randomized to undergo initial flexible sigmoidoscopy plus air contrast barium enema or colonoscopy; 332 completed the initial studies. Initial colonoscopy detected more cases of polyps less than 9 mm in size, adenomas, and arteriovenous malformations but fewer cases of diverticulosis. No significant difference was found between strategies in the number of patients detected with cancers or polyps greater than or equal to 9 mm in size. In both strategies, cancers were more common in subjects aged greater than or equal to 55 yr (8% overall) than in those aged less than 55 yr (1%). Among patients aged less than 55 yr with suspected lower gastrointestinal bleeding, initial flexible sigmoidoscopy plus air contrast barium enema is a more cost-effective strategy for the detection of colonic neoplasms than initial colonoscopy. However, initial colonoscopy is more cost effective for those aged greater than or equal to 55 yr.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1990

Follow-up 6 to 11 years after duodenoscopic sphincterotomy for stones in patients with prior cholecystectomy.

One hundred sixty-three postcholecystectomy patients with retained or recurrent duct stones under-went successful duodenoscopic sphincterotomy and duct clearance between 1975 and 1980. Follow-up information was obtained on 148 patients in 1982, and on 115 of these in 1986 (at a mean of 8 yr). Fifteen patients (13%) were found to have had further biliary problems, but only 5 were known to have had sphincter stenosis and/or stones, and only 3 had not responded to endoscopic or conservative treatment. One had undergone choledochoduodenostomy for recurrent cholangitis (but continued to have problems), and 1 had died with jaundice, the precise cause of which was unknown. The third continued to have episodes of cholangitis requiring antibiotics despite the apparent lack of biliary obstruction. Bile showed significant bacterial contamination in 60% of 44 patients undergoing check endoscopy, but there was no correlation with symptoms. These long-term results are comparable with those of surgical procedures and justify the continuing use of endoscopic treatment for patients with duct stones.

Bile↗
PubMed1990

Percutaneous pulsed-dye laser lithotripsy of gallbladder stones in swine.

Human gallstones were surgically implanted in the gallbladders of 14 pigs. Nine to 16 days later a sheath was successfully placed percutaneously into the gallbladders of 13 animals using ultrasound and fluoroscopy. Two methods were used to guide laser fragmentation: (1) fluoroscopy and a steerable double lumen catheter (two animals), and (2) a flexible endoscope (11 animals). Laser treatment was done in 12 animals with a flashlamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser. A mean of 3600 pulses/animal were delivered using a wavelength of 504 nm and a maximum energy of 60 mJ/pulse. No fragmentation occurred in two animals, partial fragmentation occurred in six, and complete fragmentation occurred in four. Endoscopic guidance was superior to fluoroscopic guidance. Complications (sheath dislodgment, gallbladder perforation, bleeding) occurred in eight of 14 animals. Pulsed-dye laser fragmentation of gallbladder stones is feasible using endoscopic guidance. The use of this technique through an acute percutaneous tract may be associated with complications.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Percutaneous cholecystolithotomy with endoscopic lithotripsy by using a pulsed-dye laser: preliminary experience.

Percutaneous cholecystolithotomy with endoscopically directed lithotripsy with a pulsed-dye laser was performed in eight patients for the treatment of symptomatic gallstones. All patients had stones that were not amenable to therapy by less invasive techniques. During the first stage of a two-stage procedure, a cholecystostomy catheter was placed percutaneously. During the second stage, performed at least 10 days later, the stones were fragmented with a laser and removed. Fragmentation of the stones was successful in all patients. In six patients, the gallbladder was completely cleared of stones, as assessed with endoscopy and cholecystography. In two patients, residual fragments remained in the gallbladder. No laser-related complications occurred. This preliminary experience suggests that the pulsed-dye laser is safe and effective in endoscopically directed lithotripsy of gallbladder stones.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Comparative efficacy of colon-cleansing methods: standard preparation vs. Colimmac lavage.

A randomized trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of the following preparations for colon cleansing: (1) 24 hr of clear liquids plus two major laxatives plus tap-water enemas (standard preparation), (2) Colimmac lavage, and (3) Colimmac lavage plus one major laxative. Standard preparation was found to be significantly superior to the other methods. Overall it was thought that Colimmac as evaluated by this study is not satisfactory for clinical use.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of instrument diameter on the depth of penetration of fiberoptic sigmoidoscopes.

Newer fiberoptic sigmoidoscopes tend to have smaller diameter insertion shafts than older models. The extent to which this diameter affects how deeply an instrument can be inserted into the colon and the frequency with which sigmoidoscopes of different diameters could reach more proximal areas of the colon was evaluated. Instrument diameter did not influence the length of the sigmoidoscope shaft that could be introduced into the patient. However, when fully inserted to 60 cm, the 12-mm diameter sigmoidoscopes viewed significantly less of the sigmoid and descending colon than did the 16-mm diameter sigmoidoscopes. This lesser degree of anatomic depth of penetration has direct implications for the diagnostic capabilities of smaller diameter instruments.

Fiber Optic Technology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sphincter of Oddi manometry: decreased risk of clinical pancreatitis with use of a modified aspirating catheter.

This study was undertaken to determine whether routine use of a modified triple-lumen five French sphincter of Oddi manometry catheter would reduce the frequency and severity of post-manometry pancreatitis and pancreatic enzyme elevation. Seventy-six patients were alternately assigned to undergo sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) with a standard perfusion (infused group) catheter or the newly developed aspiration (aspirated group) catheter. After SOM, there were significantly more patients in the infused group with both amylase and lipase values elevated at least two times the upper limits of normal at 2 (p less than 0.001), 6 (p = 0.01), and 18 hours (p = 0.03) after the procedure. As compared with the standard perfusion system, the aspiration catheter was associated with a decreased frequency of clinical pancreatitis (23.5% vs. 3%, p = 0.01) reduced hospital stay (5 +/- 1.83 days, mean +/- SE, versus 1 day; p = 0.03) and milder pancreatitis. The aspiration manometry catheter should be considered for standard use for SOM, particularly if the pancreatic duct sphincter is being evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Performing screening flexible sigmoidoscopy using colonoscopes: experience in 500 subjects.

There is still controversy regarding the optimal length of flexible sigmoidoscopes. We performed screening distal colon examinations using 168-cm colonoscopes in 500 asymptomatic subjects who were unsedated and had sigmoidoscopy cleansing preparation. The mean depth of penetration was 66 cm and was similar in persons in whom the examination was discontinued because of poor preparation versus those with discomfort. Polyps were detected in 87 patients, but only 5 subjects had polyps detected above 60 cm. We conclude that in a group of unsedated subjects scheduled for flexible sigmoidoscopy after a sigmoidoscopy prep, the use of instruments longer than 60 cm gives very little additional yield.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Minor papilla cannulation and dorsal ductography in pancreas divisum.

Until recently, pancreas divisum represented a major technical barrier to a complete evaluation of pancreatic ductal anatomy. Technical refinements have now made it possible to achieve minor papilla cannulation and dorsal ductography in more than 90% of attempts. In 120 consecutive dorsal ductograms, structural pathology was demonstrated in 36 subjects (30%): chronic pancreatitis in 23, pancreatic stones in 10, pseudocyst(s) in 4, ductal "cut-off" in 7, pancreatic cancer in 3, and partial agenesis in 1 (some patients had more than one finding). For patients in whom alcohol abuse was excluded, ductal pathology was present in 25%. Abnormal ventral ductograms were present in only 8% of cases, demonstrating that dorsal ductography has an appreciable additional diagnostic yield. When the clinical situation indicates the need for pancreatography, minor papilla cannulation should be performed if major papilla cannulation fails or reveals only the ventral pancreatogram of pancreas divisum.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of submucosal upper gastrointestinal tract lesions by endoscopic ultrasound.

The proper diagnosis of submucosal upper gastrointestinal tract mass lesions by endoscopy or barium study is difficult. Differentiation between submucosal tumors, vascular structures, and extrinsic organs is often impossible. We performed endoscopic ultrasound examination of 91 patients with upper gastrointestinal submucosal mass lesions. Endoscopic ultrasound was accurate in determining the site of origin in 48 of 50 cases where pathology or angiography comparison was available. Leiomyoma, lipoma, varices, and carcinoma had characteristic ultrasonographic findings. Endoscopic ultrasound is a useful procedure in the evaluation of upper gastrointestinal submucosal mass lesions.

Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pancreatic ductal stones: frequency of successful endoscopic removal and improvement in symptoms.

Pancreatic ductal stones may be responsible for attacks of acute pancreatitis (chronic relapsing pancreatitis) or exacerbations of chronic pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis. This study was undertaken to identify those patients with predominantly main pancreatic duct stones most amenable to endoscopic removal and to determine the effects on the patients' clinical course with such removal. Thirty-two patients with ductographic evidence of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic duct stones underwent attempted endoscopic removal. Of the patients, 71.9% had complete or partial stone removal and 67.7% improved after endoscopic therapy. Symptomatic improvement was most evident in the group of patients with chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Factors favoring stone removal included (1) three or less stones, (2) stones confined to the head and/or body of the pancreas, (3) absence of a downstream stricture, (4) stone diameter less than or equal to 10 mm, and (5) absence of impacted stones. After successful stone removal, 25% of patients had regression of the ductographic changes of chronic pancreatitis and 41.7% had a decrease in the main pancreatic duct diameter. The only complication from therapy was mild pancreatitis in 8.2%. These data suggest that removal of pancreatic duct stones may result in symptomatic improvement. A longer follow-up will be necessary to determine whether endoscopic success results in long-standing clinical improvement and/or permanent regression of the morphologic changes of chronic pancreatitis.

Adolescent↗