Tuberculosis after renal transplantation.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
R Gupta
Publications and source records attributed to R Gupta.
Activation of apoptosis-linked caspase(s) in NMDA-injured brains in neonatal rats.
Unilateral injection of 50 nmol of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) into the left posterior striatum of 7 day-old rat pups induces massive neuronal loss in the ipsilateral hemisphere in 5 days. In this model of excitotoxicity, the form of neuronal death (necrosis vs apoptosis) has not been clearly addressed. Here we report evidence of DNA laddering in the ipsilateral hemisphere 24 h after the NMDA injection. Activation of apoptosis-linked caspase(s) was also identified, as evidenced by (i) the formation of caspase-produced 120 kDa alpha-spectrin breakdown product (SBDP120) and (ii) increase in hydrolysis of caspase-3 substrate acetyl-DEVD-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin in the homogenate from the ipsilateral hemisphere. Lastly, we note that i.p. injection (100 mg/kg) of a pan caspase inhibitor Z-D-DCB attenuates the levels of SBDP120. Our results suggest the presence of caspase-activation in this rat pup model of NMDA toxicity.
Animals↗
Abdominal pain secondary to stump appendicitis in a child.
We report a case of an 11-year-old male who presented with abdominal pain and vomiting. The patient had a notable past medical history of having had an appendectomy at our institution 1 year previously. Because of progressive clinical signs of peritonitis, an exploratory laparotomy was performed and the patient was found to have stump appendicitis. The entity of stump appendicitis is always possible when evaluating patients with abdominal pain who have a history of appendectomy.
Abdominal Pain↗
Acute arterial spasm in an extremity caused by inadvertent intra-arterial injection successfully treated in the emergency department.
We present a case of limb ischemia in a young man. For acute alcohol withdrawal, this patient was given chlordiazepoxide (Librium) through an angiocatheter inadvertently placed into a brachial arterial line. This caused severe spasm of the brachial artery and its branches. These findings were confirmed by angiography. Successful treatment occurred with intra-arterial papaverin.
Adult↗
Alumina-supported synthesis of antibacterial quinolines using microwaves.
7-(5'-Alkyl-1',3',4'-thiadiazol/oxadiazol-2'-ylthio)-6 -fluoro-2,4-dimethylquinolines and 3-formyl-2-(2'-hydroxy- 1',4'-naphthoquinon-3'-yl)-4-methyl/6-methyl/7-quinolines have been synthesised by the reaction of 5-alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol/oxadiazol-2-thiols with 7-chloro-6-fluoro-2,4-dimethylquinoline and by the reaction of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone with 2-chloro-3-formyl-4-methyl/6-methyl/7-methyl/8-methylquinolines respectively on basic alumina using microwaves, the reaction time has been brought down from hours to seconds with improved yield as compared to conventional heating. The compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity. All compounds showed promising antibacterial activity. The best activity was observed by compounds 3a and 3f.
4-Quinolones↗
Junction phosphate is derived from the precursor in the tRNA spliced by the archaeon Haloferax volcanii cell extract.
RNA splicing in archaea requires at least an endonuclease and a ligase, as is the case for the splicing of eukaryal nuclear tRNAs. Splicing endonucleases from archaea and eukarya are homologous, although they differ in subunit composition and substrate recognition properties. However, they all produce 2',3' cyclic phosphate and 5'-hydroxyl termini. An in vitro-transcribed, partial intron-deleted Haloferax volcanii elongator tRNA(Met) has been used to study splicing by H. volcanii cell extracts. Substrates and products were analyzed by nearest neighbor analyses using nuclease P1 and RNase T2, and fingerprinting analyses using acid-urea gels in the first dimension and gradient thin layer chromatography in the second dimension. The results suggest that 2',3' cyclic phosphate at the 3' end of the 5' exon is converted into the splice junction phosphate forming a 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. This resembles the animal cell type systems where the junction phosphate preexists in the transcript, and differs from yeast type systems, where GTP is the source of junction phosphate.
Base Sequence↗
Antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract infection (UTI) isolates in Europe: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program 1997.
The SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program was established to monitor the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens via an international network of sentinel hospitals. Twenty European hospitals referred a total of 887 urinary tract infection (UTI) isolates to the European SENTRY reference laboratory during the period October-December 1997. Ninety percent of the referred species were represented by Escherichia coli (52%), Enterococcus spp. (12%), Klebsiella spp. (7%), Proteus spp. (7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%), and Enterobacter spp. (5%). The susceptibility of E. coli isolates to penicillins was less than 60%, while almost all of the isolates were susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam (98% susceptibility), cephalosporins (98%), and carbapenems (100%). Amikacin was the best aminoglycoside (99.8% susceptibility). The susceptibility to quinolones was only 88-89%, with highest levels of resistance observed for isolates from Portugal, Italy, England, The Netherlands, and some centers in France, Spain, and Poland. The susceptibility of Klebsiella spp. to the newer generations of cephalosporins was 82-95% and to the carbapenems 100%. Amikacin was again the best aminoglycoside (94% susceptibility). The susceptibility of Enterobacter spp. to any beta-lactam antibiotic was poor, except for the carbapenems (100% susceptibility) and cefepime (90% susceptibility), while the susceptibility to aminoglycosides was 80-89%. Proteus spp. showed complete susceptibility to cefepime, ceftriaxone, the carbapenems, and piperacillin/tazobactam, while the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates was poor, with best results for the carbapenems (susceptibility 89%), piperacillin/tazobactam (susceptibility 84%), and amikacin and ticarcillin (susceptibility to both 80%). Enterococcus spp. showed the highest susceptibility to vancomycin (98%), teicoplanin (98%), and ampicillin (94%).
Candida↗
Physical characterization of large porous particles for inhalation.
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Administration, Inhalation↗
Prevalence estimates of adolescent gambling: a comparison of the SOGS-RA, DSM-IV-J, and the GA 20 questions.
Concerns over the rising prevalence of adolescent gambling problems have become more commonplace. A recent meta analysis of studies examining adolescent prevalence rates by Shaffer and Hall (1996) has suggested that between 77-83% of adolescents are engaging in some form of gambling behavior with between 9.9% and 14.2% of youth remaining at risk for a serious gambling problem. Their results further suggest that between 4.4% and 7.4% of adolescents exhibit serious adverse gambling related problems and/or pathological gambling behavior. Comparisons of studies are often difficult due to the use of alternative measures, differing classification schemes, and nomenclature. The present study examined the gambling behaviors of 980 adolescents who were administered three screening measures used with adolescents; the SOGS-RA, DSM-IV-J, and the GA 20 Questions. The DSM-IV-J was found to be the most conservative measure identifying 3.4% of the population as problem/pathological gamblers while the SOGS-GA identified 5.3% and the GA 20 Questions identified 6% of youth as experiencing serious gambling problems. The degree of concordance amongst the measures, gender differences, and classification systems are discussed.
Journal Article↗
Adolescents with gambling problems: from research to treatment.
Considerable interest in the area of youth gambling has prompted an increase in empirical investigations examining the correlates associated with youth experiencing severe gambling problems. Based upon the current state of knowledge and our clinical experience, the development of the treatment program for youth with serious gambling problems employed at the McGill University Youth Gambling Research and Treatment Clinic is described. The major tenets, underlying philosophy, and therapeutic processes are presented. A case study is included to illustrate the therapeutic approach. The authors present the need for greater funding for more basic and applied research and the necessity for further scientifically validated treatment and prevention programs.
Journal Article↗
Compound heterozygosity for haemoglobin S and haemoglobin E.
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Adult↗
Comparison between low and high pressure suction drainage following axillary clearance.
AIM: We report the comparison of low (Exudrain) and high pressure (Redivac) drains in 69 patients following mastectomy and axillary clearance. METHODS: Volume of drainage was recorded daily for 8 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Comparison of daily drainage revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients (P>0.05). There were no complications specific to the drains and we found similar numbers of infective complications in both groups. Hospital stay was also similar in the two groups (P=0. 70). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the two drainage systems are equally effective in their drainage abilities although use of the low pressure may have an advantage over the high pressure system as it obviates the need for bottle changes and therefore requires less time and effort to manage.
Axilla↗
Antibiotic prophylaxis for post-operative wound infection in clean elective breast surgery.
Antibiotic prophylaxis has been used to good effect in the prevention of post-operative wound infections in patients undergoing gastrointestinal operations. We have assessed the use of a single dose of intravenous antibiotic (Augmentin 1.2 g), given with induction of anaesthesia as prophylaxis, against post-operative wound infection in women undergoing clean, elective breast surgery. Three hundred and thirty-four patients were recruited. Of the 164 receiving antibiotic prophylaxis 29 (17.7%) had wound infections compared with 32 (18.8%) in the placebo group (P=0.79). There were no significant differences in any other post-operative infective complications. Antibiotic prophylaxis is probably not required in clean, elective breast surgery.
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination↗
Papillary carcinoma-in-situ of the breast presenting as a fungating lesion.
We report a case of papillary breast carcinoma-in-situ which presented as a fungating lesion. To our knowledge this is the first such case to be reported in the English language literature.
Aged↗
The effect of sunscreen on the efficacy of insect repellent: a clinical trial.
Sunscreen loses efficacy when used with the insect repellent N,N -diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (diethyltoluamide; deet). A previous study demonstrated a 33.3% decrease in sun protection factor when insect repellent and sunscreen were applied sequentially to the skin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the efficacy of insect repellent is affected by two different formulations of sunscreen. The combination of sunscreen and insect repellent was tested in 8 groups: a control group (no sunscreen or insect repellent), sunscreen alone (two groups [gel and cream]), insect repellent alone, insect repellent applied before sunscreen (two groups), and insect repellent applied after sunscreen (two groups). The results of this study showed that insect repellent has the same efficacy even when sunscreen is applied with it. This indicates that in the formulations tested, sunscreen does not reduce the efficacy of insect repellent.
Drug Combinations↗
Limited contact dynamic compression in diaphyseal fractures of the humerus: good outcome in 51 patients.
We reviewed 51 plate fixations for fracture of the humeral diaphysis managed during the last 3 years. The indications for surgery included non-union, delayed union, polytrauma, neurological involvement and inadequate reduction. All the fractures were stabilized with a Limited Contact Dynamic Compression Plate (LCDC Plate). We found that this plate gave adequate rotational and vertical stability to the fracture. 48 fractures healed after median 2.5 months. Early evidence of callus formation indicated minimal compromise with the vascularity of bone which may be attributed to the undercut design of the plate, causing relatively less cortical ischemia. In addition, the plate fixation was associated with fewer complications, as compared to those reported with intramedullary nailing.
Adolescent↗
Antimicrobial susceptibility and frequency of occurrence of clinical blood isolates in Europe from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997 and 1998.
As part of the European arm of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 25 European university hospitals referred 9613 blood isolates for in vitro testing against >20 antimicrobial agents. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the 5 most frequent isolates and accounted for two-thirds of all referrals, with minor regional variation. Of these, approximately 0.36% of E. coli and 16.7% of K. pneumoniae isolates proved to be potential extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers, and their incidence clearly varied regionally. Quinolone resistance was detected among gram-negative species; in particular, P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Considerable regional variation was observed in the incidences of methicillin resistance in S. aureus and penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. The incidence of vancomycin resistance in enterococci was relatively low overall and primarily associated with Enterococcus faecium. However, extrapolation of these data to smaller and nonteaching hospitals should be undertaken with caution, since resistance rates may be lower in these facilities.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
A comparison of quantitative measures of arterial tortuosity using sine wave simulations and 3D wire models.
This paper discusses the quantitative measurement of arterial tortuosity. The measures described are a tortuosity coefficient, TC, based on the second derivative of the vessel midline and the distance factor, DF, defined as L/D - 1, where L is the vessel length and D is the straight line distance between the vessel end points. A tortuosity scale derived from sine wave simulations was used to determine the ability of these two measures to quantify tortuosity. The tortuosity coefficient was demonstrated to be an appropriate measure whilst the distance factor was found to be a measure of vessel elongation rather than tortuosity. A tomographic method of deriving three-dimensional measures of TC and DF is described using a wire model. The x, y coordinates along the length of the wire were obtained from CT slices and the three-dimensional values calculated as the geometric mean of the TC and DF values measured in the x and y directions. Rotation of the wire through 90 degrees demonstrated that the three-dimensional derivations of TC and DF were independent of the orientation of the wire.
Arteries↗