Pulse oximetry: is it monitoring's "silver bullet"?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous↗
Biomedical subjects
R Gardner
Publications and source records attributed to R Gardner.
A reovirus from the bedbug, Cimex lectularius.
Large numbers of virus particles were identified by electron microscopy in the epithelial cells of the ventriculus of the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. The morphology of the virus particles and the presence of a segmented double-stranded RNA genome imply that this isolate should be included in the Reoviridae.
Animals↗
Methylprednisolone for chemotherapy-induced emesis: a double-blind randomized trial in children.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
Spectrum and frequency of use of statistical techniques in psychiatric journals.
Educators in psychiatry face an important challenge in deciding what quantitative skills to teach and where in the educational agenda to teach them. One strategy is to focus the quantitative training of psychiatrists on techniques they need to be effective consumers of their literature. The authors catalogued the statistical methods described in 15 major psychiatric journals during 1983 and 1984. A dozen procedures, typically encountered in intermediate-level statistics courses, accounted for approximately 95% of all the statistical methods reported. Readers of psychiatric journals also routinely encounter multivariate, nonparametric, and categorization techniques. Educators might apply these results in designing exposure to statistical skills for future psychiatrists.
Humans↗
Antiemetics in children receiving cancer chemotherapy: a double-blind prospective randomized study comparing metoclopramide with chlorpromazine.
This is the first prospective randomized study comparing commonly used antiemetics in children receiving cancer chemotherapy. We compared metoclopramide (MCP) with chlorpromazine (CLP), both administered in conventional doses, in 50 cancer patients aged 6 to 18 years who were receiving emetic chemotherapy. CLP proved significantly better than MCP in reducing both the frequency of vomiting (P less than .05) and the duration of nausea and vomiting (P less than .025). Extrapyramidal reactions (EPRs) were more common in MCP-treated patients. We conclude that, in the standard doses used, CLP is a better overall antiemetic than MCP for children receiving intensive chemotherapy. However, further prospective pediatric studies of antiemetic combinations are needed.
Adolescent↗
The selective effects of indomethacin on contractile responses of the isolated rat uterus.
These studies were initiated to examine the effects of indomethacin on uterine contractile responses to oxytocin, carbachol, bradykinin, angiotension II and isoproterenol. Isolated uterine horns used in this study were removed from immature (21 days old) ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (40-50 gm). Pre-treatment of uterine horns with indomethacin (10(-3) M) for periods of 15,30,60,90, and 180 seconds resulted in maximal inhibition of oxytocin-induced contractions by 15 seconds. In an indomethacin dose-response study, oxytocin-induced contractions were completely eliminated by a dose of indomethacin of 10(-3) M. Utilizing doses of indomethacin (3.5 X 10(-4) and 5.0 X 10(-4) M) that significantly reduced oxytocin-induced contractions by 48 and 77% respectively, contractile responses induced by carbachol (10(-6) M), bradykinin (10(-6) M), and angiotension II (4 X 10(-11) M) were not significantly reduced. Relaxation of uterine smooth muscle by isoproterenol (10(-5) M) in the presence of carbachol (10(-5) M) was not altered by indomethacin pretreatment. Data from this study demonstrate that indomethacin selectively inhibits oxytocin-induced uterine contractions in the immature rat.
Angiotensin II↗
Sensing-area distribution functions for one- and three-loop superconductive magnetic-monopole detectors.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Journal Article↗
10-Keto or 25-hydroxy substitution confer equivalent in vitro bone-resorbing activity to vitamin D3.
The biological activities of 10-keto derivatives of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were determined in bone organ culture. Fetal rat limb bones prelabeled with 45Ca were incubated for 60 h with 10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 10-keto-vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, or vitamin D3. Resorption was quantified by release of 45Ca. Substitution of a keto group in the 10 position of the vitamin D3 molecule resulted in a compound equal in potency to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. When a 10-keto group was substituted in the 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 molecule, the potency was increased 20- to 40-fold. In contrast, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was 7500-fold more potent than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Since 10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has a retention time close to that of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on normal-phase HPLC eluted with isopropanol:hexane, it is a possible artifact in the assay of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Based upon the observed relative activities of the two compounds, the concentration of 10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 would have to be greater than 0.8 ng/ml for it to interfere in the bioassay of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Animals↗
Location of rep and inc sequences in the F secondary replicon.
Miniplasmids derived by deletion of DNA from the F plasmid secondary replicon have been tested for the ability to replicate and to express incompatibility with the IncFI plasmid, ColV3-K30. The results demonstrate that the minimal rep region of the secondary replicon lies within a 1.9-kb sequence (33.7F-35.6F kb), and that an inc region, presumably involved in replication control, is present in a 0.45-kb portion of the rep region (33.7F-34.15F kb). In addition, the secondary replicon was found not to require DNA polymerase I activity.
Chromosome Mapping↗
Improved response of patients refractory to random-donor platelet transfusions by intravenous gamma globulin.
Because of frequent unavailability of HLA-compatible platelets or their inefficiency in increasing platelet counts in patients requiring platelet transfusions, platelet refractoriness remains a major problem. Since human gamma globulin has been shown to interfere with the binding of platelet-reactive immunoglobulin G (IgG) to platelets in vitro, and since gamma globulin has proved effective in reversing destruction of platelets in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, we decided to investigate intravenous gamma globulin as an adjunct to random-donor platelet transfusions. We studied three patients, one with acute T-cell leukemia, and two with aplastic anemia. When a total dose of 2 g/kg of body weight of intravenous gamma globulin was infused over five to six days in these patients, two of them showed a remarkable increment in platelet counts and improved hemostasis with random-donor platelet transfusions. We conclude that intravenous gamma globulin may be used in critical situations to improve the response of patients refractory to random-donor platelet transfusions.
Adult↗
A possible mechanism for diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced memory loss in rats.
Passive avoidance retention and cortical [H3]-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding were examined in rats that were chronically treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an irreversible acetylcholinersterase inhibitor. Retention of a passive avoidance response in DFP-treated rats was significantly lower when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Passive-avoidance retention decreased from 93% in control animals to 68% in DFP-treated rats. QNB binding studies revealed the density of muscarinic receptors in cortical homogenates was significantly reduced from 0.95 +/- 0.04 pmole/mg protein in controls to 0.72 +/- 0.04 pmole/m protein in DFP-treated rats. Scatchard analysis of QNB binding curves did not reveal a decrease in affinity of muscarinic receptors for QNB. Based on data that DFP causes a reduction in cholinergic receptors, this study supports the hypothesis that central cholinergic receptors are associated with mechanisms involved in memory storage.
Animals↗
Elastin accumulation in the chick aorta: effect of 6-hydroxydopamine and deoxycorticosterone acetate.
The net accumulation of aorta elastin in the chick was estimated from day 1 to 14, post-hatching. Increased elastin accumulation was coincident with the elevation in blood pressure observed for this period. Further deoxycorticosterone acetate plus dietary NaCl also caused stimulation of protein synthesis in aorta. In contrast, aorta protein synthesis and net elastin accumulation appeared to be decreased in chicks given 6-hydroxydopamine.
Animals↗
19-nor-10-ketovitamin D derivatives: unique metabolites of vitamin D3, vitamin D2, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
Three metabolites were isolated after incubation of vitamin D3, vitamin D2, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with bovine rumen microbes. They are identified as 5(E)-19-nor-10-ketovitamin D3, 5(E)-19-nor-10-ketovitamin D2, and 5(E)-19-nor-10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, respectively. The identifications were based on ultraviolet absorbance, mass spectroscopy, and chemical reactivity. All 5(E)-19-nor-10-ketovitamin D derivatives examined had an absorbance maximum at 312 nm and a characteristic fragment in their mass spectra corresponding to loss of 43 amu from their molecular ions. The vitamin D3 metabolite was identical in all essential spectral and chromatographic aspects with authentic synthetic 5(E)-19-nor-10-ketovitamin D3. These metabolites represent a unique pathway of vitamin D metabolism and the first characterized products of microbial vitamin D metabolism. The conversion of vitamin D and its metabolites to their 19-nor-10-keto forms likely represents a detoxification mechanism.
Animals↗
Impaired lymphocyte function in depressive illness.
Mood states and immunity may be related. To investigate the immune status of patients with primary depressive illness, we compared in-vitro lymphocytic responses to three different mitogens in 26 drug-free depressed patients and 20 normal controls of comparable age and sex. We observed a generalized and marked decrease in the lymphocyte mitogenic activity among the depressive group. This defect in lymphocyte function may be indicative of an impairment in cell-mediated immunity in patients with primary depressive illness.
Adult↗
Dexamethasone suppression tests in antidepressant treatment of melancholia. The process of normalization and test-retest reproducibility.
Pilot studies suggest that changes in response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in melancholic patients receiving antidepressants might represent a laboratory marker of clinical progress. We performed weekly DSTs in 31 hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder, primary and endogenous subtypes, during drug-free and subsequent treatment periods. Most nonsuppressors had progressive normalization of DST responses in conjunction with clinical improvement, DST normalization usually preceded or coincided with good clinical response, and failure to normalize was often associated with poorer clinical outcome. Occasional patients with baseline dexamethasone suppression become nonsuppressive after withdrawal from medication, but the DST has no apparent value as a serial marker in patients with well-documented normal DST findings. Our results extend the construct validity of the DST as a state-related marker in nonsuppressors and suggest future clinical applications.
Adult↗
Behavior therapy: an overview.
The authors examine the broad field of behavior therapy, the theories underlying its development, and the techniques that are used to change behavior. They review recent developments in behavior therapy as they relate to behavioral medicine and to treatment of psychiatric disorders, and briefly describe the use of cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression and other problems. They discuss methods of behavioral assessment and the application of behavior therapy in large populations, as well as new uses of behavioral techniques in business and industry, gerontology, and marital therapy.
Aversive Therapy↗
Use of anticholinergics in the nursing home: an empirical study and review.
The Medicare Utilization Review Committee conducted a survey to determine the use of drugs with anticholinergic effects in confused elderly nursing home patients. Twenty-nine patients (34.5 percent) were receiving anticholinergic drugs, predominantly from the antidepressant and antipsychotic class. Thioridazine (Mellaril) was the most frequently used antipsychotic. No patients received higher than the equivalent recommended daily dose of atropine when calculated in terms of relative anticholinergic potency. No statistically significant correlation could be found between the presence of confusion and the amount of anticholinergics administered. Confusion and cognitive deterioration frequently are encountered when caring for aged patients. Clinical experience and recent studies suggest that anticholinergics may increase the risk of or exacerbate existing confusion, and this possible effect of anticholinergic activity should be considered when prescribing for elderly patients.
Aged↗
Communication, social support and alcohol use in first-year medical students.
Increased communication from significant others and perceived interpersonal support correlated with reduced student drinking during the first 12 weeks of medical school. Writing brief essays on any subject of personal interest which were read, annotated and quickly returned by a faculty member correlated with reduced student drinking during the final 12 weeks of the first year.
Alcohol Drinking↗