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Biomedical subjects

R Flamant

Publications and source records attributed to R Flamant.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Two-day cefamandole versus five-day cephazolin prophylaxis in 965 total hip replacements. Report of a multicentre double blind randomised trial.

The aim of this trial was to compare a 5-day course of cephazolin with a regimen of 2 days of cefamandole in 965 total hip replacements (488 in the cefamandole group and 477 in the cephazolin group). The effect of the prophylactic antibiotic on the bacterial colonization of drains (mean duration of drainage: 3.2 +/- 0.3 days) and on the susceptibility of colonizing organisms was assessed. No significant difference was observed in the percentage of infected drains between the two groups. The cefamandole group had a lower rate of Gram-negative organisms (23% versus 44%, p less than 0.01). The rate of deep infections within one year after operation was 0.7% in the cefamandole group versus 0.5% in the cephazolin group, and the difference is not significant. Cefamandole given for two days appears to be an effective prophylaxis against sepsis in total hip replacements.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Occupational risk factors of lung cancer in a French case-control study.

A case-control study of 1625 histologically confirmed cases of lung cancer and 3091 controls matched for sex, age, hospital admission, and interviewer was conducted in France between 1976 and 1980. The results presented concern the effects of different occupations on the occurrence of lung cancer among 1334 male cases and 2409 matched controls. Occupations were coded blindly according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations. An excess risk of lung cancer was observed for the following occupations after adjustment for cigarette exposure: farmers (RR = 1.24, p less than 0.06), miners and quarrymen (RR = 2.14, p less than 0.02), plumbers and pipe fitters (RR = 1.80, p less than 0.04), motor vehicle drivers (RR = 1.42, p less than 0.01).

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1987

Decreased mortality among male prisoners.

The mortality among a population of male prisoners between 1977 and 1983 was compared with that among the general French population. The overall mortality rate (for all deaths except external causes) was lower among prisoners (SMR = 84; p less than 0.05). Moreover, the risk of dying from all causes, as well as from malignant neoplasms, diseases of the circulatory system, and suicides fell significantly with increasing duration of imprisonment. These findings suggest that the lifestyle specific to imprisonment might overcome the prejudicial effect of risk factors such as alcohol, tobacco, or drug abuse that tend to be common among prisoners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Nicotine dependence and secondary effects of smoking cessation.

The secondary effects of smoking cessation among subjects included in a randomized trial, performed to test the efficacy of acupuncture and nicotine chewing gum vs. the control group, are reported according to nicotine dependence. After 1 month of cessation, ex-smokers had modified their nutritional intake, had gained weight, and felt more irritable compared to subjects still smoking. After 1 year, secondary effects concerned greater weight gain and irritability. The percentage of subjects who presented these secondary effects was more frequent among high-dependent than among low-dependent ex-smokers.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1987

Lung cancer and women: results of a French case-control study.

Ninety-six women with histologically confirmed lung cancer and 192 matched controls were involved in an international case-control study conducted from 1976 to 1980. The aim of this study was an examination of the effects of different smoking habits, especially the type of cigarettes smoked (light or dark tobacco and filter or nonfilter use) on the occurrence of lung cancer in French females. All these patients were either nonsmokers or lifetime cigarette smokers. Matched relative risk (RR) of smokers compared to nonsmokers was found to be increased for both Kreyberg I (RR = 6.6) and Kreyberg II (RR = 2.1) categories; however, this increase was significant (P less than 0.0001) only for Kreyberg I lung cancer. A significant increase (P less than 0.0001) in matched RR was found with early age at first cigarette smoked, daily consumption, duration of smoking, frequency of inhalation, use of dark tobacco and use of nonfilter cigarettes. Matched RR associated with smokers not always using dark tobacco and those smoking only dark tobacco as compared to nonsmokers were significantly increased (trend test P less than 0.0001). On the contrary, the increase of RR was not significant when either daily consumption, or duration of smoking, or age at first cigarette was taken into account. Lung cancer appeared to be associated with daily consumption and use of nonfilter cigarettes in a matched logistic regression.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Small cell bronchial cancer: epidemiology].

Small cell lung carcinoma is the most frequent cancer in man. In France, the geographic distribution is not homogenous and the frequency is time-dependent. The main risk factors are smoking and some professional exposures.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed1987

[From the explanatory to the pragmatic].

The classical methodology of clinical trials has been conceived for improving scientific knowledge in therapeutic research. This methodology is often unsuitable for evaluating a treatment in clinical practice, i.e. taking into account all its advantages and disadvantages. For that very reason two approaches, explanatory and pragmatic, which differ in many aspects, were developed during the 1970's. This distinction is very useful in the design of a trial, but two main difficulties are related to the assessment criteria and the method of analysis. A possible solution is to use the decision-making procedures but it's still a research problem.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1986

Lung cancer risk associated with cigar and pipe smoking.

A case-control study of 1,529 histologically confirmed male lung cancer cases and 2,899 controls matched for sex, age, hospital of admission and interviewer was conducted in France between 1976 and 1980. The results presented concern the effects of smoking habits, especially cigar and pipe use, on the occurrence of lung cancer, in a total of 38 exclusive cigar smokers, 61 exclusive pipe smokers and 586 mixed tobacco smokers. Exclusive cigar or pipe use (RR = 5.6 and 1.6 respectively) has been shown less harmful than exclusive cigarette smoking (RR = 13.3), mixed cigar and cigarette smoking (RR = 8.5) and mixed pipe and cigarette smoking (RR = 8.0). Different inhalation practices were observed according to smoking habits: while among exclusive cigarette smokers 29.8% never inhaled the smoke, among exclusive cigar and exclusive pipe users these percentages were 89.5% and 86.9 respectively. No significant increase with greater exposure to cigar was found among mixed cigar and cigarette smokers after adjustment for exposure to cigarettes, defined by duration and daily consumption of cigarettes (RR = 1.20), and by type of cigarettes smoked--light or dark, filter or nonfilter (RR = 1.13). Similar results were observed among mixed pipe and cigarette smokers after adjustment for cigarette exposure (RR = 0.95 and 1.04).

France↗
PubMed1986

[Methodological framework of the evaluation of systematic screening and treatment of preexistent lesions of the colon and the rectum].

Among the conditions which need to be filled when generalizing the mass screening of polyps in view of the secondary prevention of colorectal cancers, three are already present: 1) it is a frequent and serious cancer; 2) there is an affiliation between benign tumours and cancer; 3) an effective non-mutilating treatment of benign tumours is available. On the other hand, two additional conditions remain unfilled and yet lie within the domain of research by methodologically rigorous studies: the setting up of a screening test with a high cost-effectiveness relationship; the epidemiological demonstration of the decreasing incidence of colorectal cancers following screening and treatment of precancerous lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Study of the distribution of HLA antigens within a population and a comparison between 2 populations].

HLA complex is made up of numerous loci whose alleles are codominant. Several associations between HLA antigens and diseases have been identified. Analysis of these associations require statistical methods taking into account the number of tests and the existence of alleles which have not yet been identified. Statistical methods for the estimation and the comparison of alleles frequencies are presented for genotypic, phenotypic and marginal data. An example concerning patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma illustrates these methods.

Alleles↗
PubMed1985

Breast cancer and oral contraceptives: a review.

The relationship between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer was investigated in 22 major epidemiological studies, which are reviewed in this paper. The overall risk ratio was never found to increase when computed among all users vs. nonusers. Risk increases were found in some studies within specific subgroups; but in general, if any risk exists, it is not much more than one. Future studies should focus specifically on women under age 25, on women before a first full-term pregnancy and, to a lesser extent, on perimenopausal women and on women who have had a benign breast disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Lung cancer and use of cigarettes: a French case-control study.

A case-control study of 1,625 cases and 3,091 controls was conducted in France from 1976 to 1980 to compare the effects of different smoking habits, especially the use of filter cigarettes, tobacco types (light or dark), and the use of hand-rolled or manufactured cigarettes on the occurrence of lung cancer. All cases had histologically confirmed lung cancer; the controls were matched by sex, age, hospital of admission, and interviewer. The reported results concern only male nonsmokers and males who smoked (or had smoked) cigarettes exclusively, i.e., a total of 1,217 Kreyberg I and Kreyberg II cancer cases and 1,915 controls. Cigarette smoking was associated with both Kreyberg I and Kreyberg II cell categories although with different relative risks (RR) (17.2 and 3.6, resp.). Within the Kreyberg I category, RR were significantly increased (P less than .0001) with certain indices of duration and intensity of cigarette exposure, such as early age at first cigarette smoked, daily consumption, depth of inhalation, and duration of smoking. A significant difference in risk was found within the Kreyberg I category for nonfilter versus filter cigarette smokers (RR = 18.1 and 10.9, resp.) and dark versus light tobacco smokers (RR = 18.1 and 4.9, resp.) but not for hand-rolled versus manufactured cigarette smokers (RR = 19.8 and 16.0, resp.). When all the covariates were taken into account in a matched logistic regression, lung cancer risks for nonfilter versus filter cigarette smokers was RR = 1.23, for hand-rolled versus manufactured cigarette users RR = 1.22, and for dark versus light tobacco users RR = 1.94.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Modifying risk of developing lung cancer by changing habits of cigarette smoking.

Data from a hospital based case-control study of lung cancer in Western Europe were used to examine changes in the risk of developing lung cancer after changes in habits of cigarette smoking. Only data for subjects who had smoked regularly at some time in their lives were included. The large size of the study population (7181 patients and 11 006 controls) permitted precise estimates of the effect of giving up smoking. Risks of developing lung cancer for people who had given up smoking 10 or more years before interview were less than half of those for people who continued to smoke. The reduction in risk was seen in men and women and in former smokers of both filter and non-filter cigarettes but varied by duration of smoking habit before giving up. The protective effect of giving up became progressively greater with shorter duration of smoking habit. The risks after not smoking for 10 years for both men and women who had previously smoked for less than 20 years were roughly the same as those for lifelong non-smokers. Reducing the number of cigarettes smoked a day or switching from non-filter to filter cigarettes also lowered the risk of developing lung cancer but not to the extent associated with giving up smoking.

Europe↗
PubMed1984

Patterns of lung cancer risk according to type of cigarette smoked.

A case-control study of lung cancer involving interviews with 7,804 cases and 15,207 hospital-based controls was carried out in seven locations in Western Europe. The large study size permitted the calculation of precise estimates of the relative risk of lung cancer associated with smoking different types of cigarettes. Lifelong nonfilter smokers were at nearly twice the risk of lung cancer compared to lifelong filter smokers after controlling for duration of cigarette use and number smoked per day (RR = 1.7 for males and 2.0 for females). Lung cancer risks for filter, nonfilter and mixed smokers increased in proportion to intensity and duration of smoking and decreased with years since stopping smoking. The findings indicate that prevention activities should continue to emphasize smoking cessation, although switching to low-tar cigarettes may also yield some reductions in lung cancer risk.

Adult↗