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Biomedical subjects

R F Job

Publications and source records attributed to R F Job.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

A controlled study of anxiety and morbid cognitions at initial screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a cohort of people with haemophilia.

AIM: This study examines the relationship between anxiety, psychological state and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) stages as defined by the Centers for Disease Control at the time of initial screening for HIV in a cohort of people with haemophilia who were at risk of prior exposure to HIV transmission from blood products. METHOD: Psychological scores, immunological measures, and clinical data from case notes for 116 potentially HIV exposed people with haemophilia attending initial screening for HIV infection in 1984-1985, were used to examine the relationship between psychological variables, clinical state and their clinical classification under the Centres for Disease Control categorization. Psychometric test results were obtained for 63 HIV seronegative patients and 53 HIV seropositive patients. Planned comparisons, multiple and logistic regressions, were used to explain observed differences between seronegative and seropositive subjects. The potential confounders of sex, age, severity of haemophilia, haemophilia type and blood product usage were controlled. RESULTS: The major finding of this study was that higher levels of State Anxiety at the time of initial screening for HIV, were observed in those patients who lacked recognized symptoms of HIV infection and were seropositive, compared with seronegative subjects. The State Anxiety scores were predicted by HIV infection or alternatively CD4+ T-cell levels. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that HIV infection can produce psychological effects prior to any physical symptoms of infection being apparent.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1995

Stress and consumption: inescapable shock, neophobia, and quinine finickiness in rats.

Exposure to inescapable shock has been shown to result in reduced consumption of quinine in water (the finickiness effect) in rats. In the present experiment, (a) a clear difference in finickiness occurred between male adult rats exposed to inescapable shock and those exposed to escapable shock (the first such demonstration), (b) finickiness was reinstated 20 days later, and (c) finickiness was eliminated by quinine exposure prior to treatment. The first 2 results support the role of uncontrollability and/or unpredictability in finickiness and extend its potential impact to long-term consequences. This allows greater potential for the modeling of long-term effects, such as eating disorders and depression in humans. The finding that preexposure to quinine eliminated finickiness is contrary to current accounts of the effect. Accounts of finickiness are proposed in terms of classically conditioned aversions, bitterness, and neuropeptide control of ingestion.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Total plasma cholesterol levels of rats are increased following only three sessions of tailshock.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained for three weeks on one of three different diets. Two of the diets were high-cholesterol, high-fat, while the third was standard laboratory chow. Animals from each group were then given either daily 2 hr sessions of tailshock for three days, or left in their home cage. Blood samples were taken from all subjects prior to stress, and again immediately after the third stress session. Sera were separated and analyzed for total plasma cholesterol. Results indicate that total plasma cholesterol was increased in the stressed animals maintained on standard lab chow. Stressed animals in the two high cholesterol diet groups showed no cholesterol increase relative to their respective dietary controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Reconsideration of the role of competing responses in demonstrations of the interference effect (learned helplessness).

In Experiment 1a, rats trained to escape shock by performing a 2-s inactive response were less impaired on a subsequent 2-way shuttle response than their yoked counterparts that received inescapable shock. In contrast, in Experiment 1b, rats trained to escape shock by performing a longer duration inactive response were more impaired on the subsequent escape task than their inescapably shocked counterparts. In Experiment 2, the results of Experiments 1a and 1b were replicated, and the inactive responses performed during pretreatment by both the escapable and inescapable shock groups were assessed and correlated with test stage 2-way shuttle escape performance. These activity data indicate that inactivity during pretreatment shock in both escapable and inescapable shock groups was a highly reliable predictor of subsequent 2-way shuttle performance, irrespective of the pretreatment shock contingency to which these Ss were exposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The application of learning theory to driving confidence: the effect of age and the impact of random breath testing.

Despite the dangers, many drivers continue to take risks when driving. This paper outlines an explanation of this risk-taking behavior and the failure of numerous fear-arousing messages to change the manner in which many people drive. Being an occupant in a car and learning to drive may be seen as analogous to systemic desensitization and flooding procedures, in which fear is extinguished and/or a response inconsistent with fear is learned. Once this procedure is complete the fear response is unlikely to be reinstated by messages pointing out possible dangers on the road, because the situations in which the messages are received are usually inappropriate, and many believe that they are superior drivers and therefore not at risk. News presentation of the huge road toll and multiple fatality crashes may only confirm to many people that they are better than average drivers since so many other people have been killed or seriously injured, and they, the superior drivers, have not. A prediction of this account is that driving confidence will increase with increasing age, through the greater on-road fear-reducing experience and increased exposure to the road toll. This prediction was examined in surveys of 2,963 Australian drivers, conducted as part of the evaluation of random breath testing. Respondents were asked to rate their ability as drivers compared with average, and to rate their ability to drive under the influence of alcohol. The overconfidence observed in Canada, Sweden, New Zealand, and the United States was identified in Australian drivers. The predicted increase in confidence with increasing age was supported up to the age of 40 years, after which confidence changed little. Confidence in ability to drive after consuming alcohol increased steadily with age. Finally, it was predicted that the introduction of random breath testing and the associated media campaign partly about the effects of alcohol (which was successful in reducing the road toll) would decrease confidence in ability to drive under the influence of alcohol. Comparison of survey data before and after the introduction of random breath testing did not support this prediction.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1982

Does diazepam affect driving ability?

Landauer (Med J Aust, 1981; 1: 624-626) contended that diazepam medication should not preclude car driving, since it relieves anxiety, aggression and depression. There is no clear evidence that diazepam's therapeutic effect improves driving. The bulk of evidence suggests that diazepam is harmful to driving ability even in appropriate patient populations. The detrimental effects of alcohol on driving ability are also exacerbated by diazepam. I would recommend that patients taking diazepam should avoid driving, especially if they have taken any alcohol.

Accidents, Traffic↗