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Biomedical subjects

R E Roberts

Publications and source records attributed to R E Roberts.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Age differences among Japanese on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: an ethnocultural perspective on somatization.

The Japanese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was subjected to principal component (PC) analysis with oblique rotation, as well as an examination of internal consistency, using data obtained from 2,016 adult employees aged 19-63 years. Analyses focused on age differences in these psychometric properties of the CES-D. Coefficient-alpha was sufficiently high for all age groups but was lower than reported in U.S. studies. Positive affect items lowered internal consistency. The PC analyses extracted four factors for each age group. Depressive affect items did not group into one factor; some were combined with somatic or interpersonal items, and the remainder constituted the smallest factor. These three main factors, 'somatic+depressed', interpersonal + negative' and 'positive affect' were comparable across age groups except for those aged 50-63 years. For those aged 50-63 years, the first two factors were combined into a large 'general dysphoria' factor, suggesting a more unified conceptualization of depressive mood. Although 'positive affect' was stable cross-culturally, it was not related to depressive symptomatology as measured by the other items, for Japanese. The 'interpersonal + negative' appears unique for Japanese, indicating the association of interpersonal relations with depressive mood in Japanese. The effects of age-specific ethnocultural factors in Japan on depressive symptomatology are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Altered GAP-43 immunoreactivity in regenerating sciatic nerve of diabetic rats.

Experimental diabetes in the rat is associated with impaired axon regeneration. Successful regeneration depends on the construction of axonal growth cones and establishment of appropriate target connections. The growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 is a major component of the axonal growth cone, and its synthesis and axonal transport are markedly increased during regeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of experimental diabetes on the synthesis and axonal transport of GAP-43 in regenerating sciatic nerves. Rats were rendered diabetic with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin i.p. Four weeks later, the rats were anesthetized, and one sciatic nerve was crushed to induce regeneration. After 2 weeks, nerves were ligated, and 6 h later, nerve pieces proximal to the ligature and dorsal root ganglia were removed, and proteins were separated by PAGE. Western blots of gels were probed with antibody 10E8/E7 against GAP-43. The presence of GAP-43 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of nerve sections. Densitometric analysis of the blots showed a 45% reduction in native GAP-43 immunoreactivity in nerve pieces proximal to the ligature (P < 0.05; n = 7). Northern blots of total RNA extracted from pooled dorsal root ganglia were probed with a 32P-radiolabeled cDNA probe for GAP-43. There was no significant difference in the amount of GAP-43 mRNA between diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Immunohistochemistry of sciatic nerve confirmed the reduction in GAP-43 immunoreactivity. We conclude that a defect in turnover or axonal transport of GAP-43 may contribute to the impaired peripheral nerve regeneration in diabetes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Symptoms of DSM-III-R major depression among Anglo, African and Mexican American adolescents.

Ethnocultural differences in the phenomenology of DSM-III-R major depression among adolescents was examined in a sample of 334 Anglo, African and Mexican American patients 12-17 years of age. Diagnoses were made using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version 2.1. Analyses of rates of individual symptoms as well as the nine DSM-III-R criteria revealed minimal differences among youths in the three ethnic groups who received a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. There also were minimal differences between boys and girls in symptom profiles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Changes in rates of depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population: life-table analysis from a 4-year follow-up study.

To investigate the effects of demographic variables on changes in rates of depressive symptoms in a non-clinical population, a 4-year follow-up study was conducted on a total of 6378 employees of a Japanese electrical company. Data were collected five times at 1-year intervals (T0-T4) using a questionnaire that included the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Of the non-depressed (i.e. having a SDS score of 47 or less) at baseline (N = 4857), 14% were found depressed at least once during T1-T4. Younger, never married, female and blue-collar workers were significantly at greater risk for becoming depressed during the follow-up period (P < 0.05). Of the depressed at baseline (N = 505), 20% were depressed every time during T1-T4. Younger workers were significantly at greater risk for persistence of depressive symptoms during the follow-up period (P < 0.05). The results suggested that age is associated with both occurrence and persistence of depressive symptoms, while gender, marital status and occupation are associated only with the occurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among Mexican-origin and Anglo adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, their comorbidity, and associated risk factors in adolescence. METHOD: A self-administered questionnaire was completed in class by students in three middle schools (grades 6 through 8) enrolling more than 3,200 students. Usable questionnaires were obtained from 2,614 (81.5%), of which 924 were Anglo and 1,354 were of Mexican origin Depression was measured using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and suicidal ideation using four items on thoughts of death and suicide. RESULTS: The minority adolescents reported significantly higher crude prevalence rates of symptoms of depression and thoughts of suicide than their Anglo counterparts. Prevalence rates were highest for females of Mexican origin. There was a strong association between depression and suicidal ideation in both ethnic groups. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated significant correlates of depressive symptoms were suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio = 10.9), loneliness, and use of English, in that order. Significant correlates of suicidal ideation were depression (adjusted odds ratio = 10.6), loneliness, two-parent household, use of English, and being of Mexican origin. More than 80% of those with high ratings on suicidal ideation scored as depressed in both ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results are consistent with other studies suggesting rates of suicidal ideation among adolescents are in the 10% to 20% range, while rates of depressive symptoms are in the 35% to 50% range using standard caseness scores. Mexican-American youths appear to be at higher risk than Anglo youths, particularly for suicidal ideation. In addition, it appears that youths who are lonely are more likely to report higher rates of both depression and suicidal ideation. The data also indicate that youths who spoke only or mostly English reported lower rates of depression and suicidal ideation, suggesting that acculturation may play a role as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Symptoms of DSM-III-R major depression in adolescence: evidence from an epidemiological survey.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the phenomenology of DSM-III-R major depression among adolescents diagnosed as "cases" in a community-based epidemiology study. METHOD: A representative sample (N = 1,710) of older adolescents from several Oregon communities were interviewed using structured diagnostic schedules and DSM-III-R criteria in two annual assessments. Although the focus was depression, diagnoses were made for most child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Nearly 30% of the sample at baseline had at least one current symptom of DSM-III-R major depression, but only 2.6% received a diagnosis. The most prevalent symptoms at baseline were depressed mood, sleep, and thinking problems. For new, or incident cases, the most frequent symptoms involved depressed mood, anhedonia, and thinking problems. Among those adolescents who had experienced two episodes of major depression, there was low concordance across episodes for both diagnostic criteria and specific symptoms. Comparisons with six studies of adolescent patients indicate our community "cases" are phenomenologically very similar to clinical cases of major depression in treatment settings. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented, along with those from other studies of adults and children, provide strong evidence that DSM criteria for major depression are appropriate for adolescents. That is, DSM-III-R symptom criteria are manifested by both youths and adults, although the relative frequency of these criterion symptoms appear to be age-related.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Child sexual abuse--the interface with genitourinary medicine.

Whenever a child is seen in a genitourinary clinic the possibility that the child is the victim of child sexual abuse must be considered. This article considers the definition and postulated prevalence of child sexual abuse in England and Wales. A proposed management plan is then detailed with a review of the significance of the medical findings. Finally consideration is given to the ethical dilemmas which such cases pose.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Observation of a secondary compressive lesion after treatment of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy in a dog.

In a 7-year-old Doberman Pinscher with an atactic gait, neurologic examination revealed tetraparesis, conscious proprioceptive deficits, and rigid ventral flexion of the neck. Radiography and myelography revealed a ventral, extradural, dynamic compressive lesion between C6 and C7. Distraction decompression was performed, using cancellous bone screws and methylmethacrylate. After initial improvement, clinical signs recurred 2 weeks after surgery and progressed until the dog was euthanatized 6 weeks after surgery. Postmortem myelography revealed an extradural compressive lesion adjacent to the implant, between C5 and C6. Secondary compressive lesions induced by surgical or biomechanical alterations of the cervical portion of the spine may be complications of treatment of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Depressive symptoms among Japanese and American adolescents.

An epidemiologic study of depressive symptoms was conducted with self-administered questionnaires among 8th grade students (12-15 years of age) in Japan (n = 570) and the United States (n = 115 Anglos, n = 180 Hispanics). The Todai Health Index-Depression Scale (THI-D), which had been developed in Japan, was used in the study after translation from Japanese to English for the U.S. subjects. The THI-D mean score for Japanese boys was significantly higher than that for Hispanic boys. Also, a gender difference was found across the ethnic groups, in which girls expressed depressive feelings more than boys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Responses to a self-administered depression scale among younger adolescents in Japan.

Response patterns on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) items among Japanese adolescents were compared with those of their U.S. counterparts. The data were obtained from approximately 1,500 junior high school students, aged 12-15 years. Japanese responses to positively worded items markedly differed from those of American adolescents, whereas responses to negatively worded items were comparable in the two groups. This resulted in poor psychometric properties for the CES-D and spurious higher positive subscale and whole scale scores among the Japanese sample. It is possible that Japanese respondents tend to suppress positive affect expression and, thus, the positively worded questioning is presumably inappropriate for Japanese samples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression.

In a prospective study of adolescent depression, adolescents (N = 1,508) were assessed at Time 1 and after 1 year (Time 2) on psychosocial variables hypothesized to be associated with depression. Most psychosocial variables were associated with current (n = 45) depression. Formerly depressed adolescents (n = 217) continued to differ from never depressed controls on many of the psychosocial variables. Many of the depression-related measures also acted as risk factors for future depression (n = 112), especially past depression, current other mental disorders, past suicide attempt, internalizing behavior problems, and physical symptoms. Young women were more likely to be, to become, and to have been depressed. Controlling for the psychosocial variables eliminated the gender difference for current and future but not for past depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Use of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in clinically normal cats.

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy provides a noninvasive assessment of hepatobiliary structure and function, and has been used extensively in people. Hepatocellular measurements determined in the cats of this study include cardiac washout (< or = 2 minutes) and time of maximal hepatic activity (< or = 5 minutes) and hepatic washout (< or = 30 minutes). The gallbladder response to synthetic cholecystokinin was determined to be < or = 3 minutes. Additional measurements also were identified. Potential use of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in feline medicine is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Occupation and the prevalence of major depression, alcohol, and drug abuse in the United States.

These data from the ECA research program clearly indicate considerable variation in prevalence among different occupational groups in the United States for major depression, alcohol abuse/dependence, and drug abuse/dependence. For example, the crude lifetime prevalences for depression ranged from 0.7 to 8.6 per 100; for alcohol it was 7.5 to 32.6, and for drugs it was 3.1 to 10.5. The results also indicate that some occupations are associated with much higher rates of ADM problems. By way of illustration, the 6-month crude prevalence of major depression for the total sample of employed persons 18-64 years of age was 2.9. Six of the occupational groups had prevalences which exceeded this rate. The overall 6-month prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence was 5.8, and six occupational groups had prevalences in excess of this. Similarly, the overall 6-month prevalence was 2.6 for drug abuse/dependence, and five occupational groups had prevalences which exceeded this. Translated into terms of relative risk, it is clear that among the occupational groups some are at markedly increased risk of ADM disorders. For these comparisons, we used as the baseline group in logistic regression analyses, Job 1, composed of executive, administrative, and managerial occupations. This group is the first in the Census classification, had crude rates near the overall prevalence rates for depression, alcohol, and drugs, and is also one of the occupational categories with the highest prestige. Logistic regression analyses were done with and without controls for differences among occupational groups in gender, age, and educational level. As might be expected, adjustment in general narrowed differences in prevalence among occupational groups, and even on occasion, changed the rank order of groups slightly. However, in general, those groups with higher odds ratios based on crude rates also had higher adjusted odds ratios. Table 6 summarizes our findings, based on the adjusted odds ratios. In this table, we list occupational groups which had a relative risk of 30% or greater above baseline (Job 1), for both 6 month and lifetime prevalences, for each of the three ADM disorders. As can be seen, there is virtually no overlap between risk of depression, on the one hand, and risk of alcohol or drug abuse. The exceptions are Job 4 (sales) which ranked third for major depression and second for alcohol abuse in terms of 6-month prevalence, and Job 9 (farming, fishing, forestry), which had the [table: see text] highest lifetime risk for major depression and the second-highest 6-month risk for drug abuse/dependence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Myelography and epidurography.

To summarize the points discussed in this article, Small animal myelography can be performed competently and safely without specialized equipment. The newer myelographic contrast media (iohexol, iopamidol) have less neurotoxic potential than those media previously used. Myelography is necessary for the diagnosis of many neurologic disorders in small animals. Metrizamide is no longer recommended for myelography in dogs and cats. Iohexol (Isovue) in concentration of 180 mg I/mL to 300 mg I/mL is recommended for small animal myelography. Some patients with serious spinal cord disease can exhibit normal myelograms. Recognizing abnormal myelographic patterns is the hallmark of myelographic interpretation. Anticonvulsive drugs (diazepam, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital) should be available for therapy of postmyelographic seizures. Epidurography is an effective diagnostic technique in the evaluation of canine lumbosacral compressive disease. Abnormalities identified with epidurography correlate well with surgically confirmed lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students.

Data were collected on the point and lifetime prevalences, 1-year incidence, and comorbidity of depression with other disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [3rd ed., rev.]) in a randomly selected sample (n = 1,710) of high school students at point of entry and at 1-year follow-up (n = 1,508). The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children was used to collect diagnostic information; 9.6% met criteria for a current disorder, more than 33% had experienced a disorder over their lifetimes, and 31.7% of the latter had experienced a second disorder. High relapse rates were found for all disorders, especially for unipolar depression (18.4%) and substance use (15.0%). Female subjects had significantly higher rates at all age levels for unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and adjustment disorders; male subjects had higher rates of disruptive behavior disorders.

Adolescent↗