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R E Patterson

Publications and source records attributed to R E Patterson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Correlates of serum lycopene in older women.

Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that lycopene, a predominant carotenoid found in human serum, may reduce the risk of certain cancers. We examined the association of dietary, physiological, and other factors with serum lycopene concentrations in a subsample of 946 postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative. Pearson partial correlation coefficients and linear regression coefficients were calculated after adjustment for age, ethnicity, and serum low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Serum lycopene was correlated with serum LDL cholesterol (r = 0.23) and dietary lycopene (r = 0.17, both p < 0.001). Individual food items found to be correlated with serum lycopene after adjustment included fresh tomatoes or tomato juice (r = 0.11), cooked tomatoes, tomato sauce, or salsa (r = 0.17), and spaghetti with meat sauce (r = 0.19, all p < 0.01). Age and body mass index were negatively associated with serum lycopene levels (both p < 0.001). Serum lycopene levels were highest in the summer and highest for those living in the northeastern United States. If we postulate that high serum lycopene levels reduce cancer risk, it becomes apparent that we have limited ability to detect this association from studies of lycopene intake. An understanding of factors associated with serum lycopene levels can be useful for the interpretation of studies of dietary lycopene and disease risk.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Precision and bias of food frequency-based measures of fruit and vegetable intakes.

Accurate assessment of fruit and vegetable intakes is critical for cancer control research and public health surveillance. This report examines the bias and precision of two commonly used food frequency questionnaire methods to assess fruit and vegetable intakes: (a) the 5 A Day method, based on seven items; and (b) the summation method, based on adding total servings of all fruit and vegetable items on a comprehensive (100+ item) food frequency questionnaire. Data are from three studies in which 24-h dietary recalls, food records, or serum carotenoid concentrations could be used as criterion measures (n = 260, 1031, and 342). Studies differed markedly in distributions of participants' age, race/ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status. Mean intakes of total fruit and vegetables based on the 5 A Day method were consistently lower than those from either the summation method (3.11 versus 4.06), 24-h recalls (3.32 versus 4.07), or food records (3.11 versus 3.46; all P < 0.01), and this was due primarily to underestimates of vegetable intake. Correlations of the 5 A Day and summation measures with all criterion measures were similar and were consistently higher for fruit (range, 0.33-0.57) than for vegetables (range, 0.24-0.32). These results, which were consistent across diverse participant samples, suggest that the 5 A Day method yields both biased and imprecise measures of vegetable intake and that research to improve this measure is needed.

Bias↗
PubMed1999

Study of diet, biomarkers and cancer risk in the United States, China and Costa Rica.

One striking paradox in epidemiologic research is the strong association between diet and cancer in ecologic studies compared with the weaker associations reported in many within-country case-control and cohort studies. However, most ecologic studies have relied on indirect measures of dietary intake, such as food disappearance data. The objectives of our study were to assess the feasibility of collecting dietary and biomarker data from individuals living in countries having markedly different dietary patterns and cultures and to examine the magnitude of the between-country variation in their measurement. Adults surveyed in Shanghai (China), Costa Rica and King County (Washington, USA) completed a 24-hr dietary recall, a cancer risk factor survey, and provided a blood sample. We analyzed a subset of the blood specimens for vitamins C, E, carotenoids and phospholipid fatty acids. We observed substantial differences in nutrient intakes and in mean plasma concentrations of dietary biomarkers across the study populations. For example, King County participants had the highest daily intake of vitamin C (mean 78.3 +/- 12.2 mg compared with 42.6 +/- 38.3 mg in Shanghai and 34.8 +/- 43.8 mg in Costa Rica). The mean plasma vitamin C level in King County was also the highest of the 3 study sites: 927.9 +/- 43.9 microg/dl in King County, 585.7 +/- 35.9 microg/dl in Shanghai and 461.1 +/- 33.1 microg/dl in Costa Rica. Plasma trans fatty acids (a biomarker of a diet high in hydrogenated fats) were highest in King County and lowest in Shanghai.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Use of food nutrition labels is associated with lower fat intake.

OBJECTIVE: The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 mandated that standardized nutrition information appear on almost all packaged foods manufactured after May 1994. This study describes the demographic and diet-related psychosocial correlates of nutrition label use, and examines the relationship between label use and diet. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: Data are from a random-digit-dial telephone survey of 1,450 adult residents of Washington State. The questionnaire assessed nutrition label use, fat-related diet habits, fruit and vegetable consumption, diet-related psychosocial factors, health behavior, and demographic characteristics. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Analyses examined associations of demographic characteristics with nutrition label use; diet-related psychosocial factors and health behavior with nutrition label use, controlled for demographic characteristics; and nutrition label use with fat and fruit and vegetable intake, controlled for demographic characteristics and psychosocial factors. RESULTS: Nutrition label use was significantly higher among women, residents younger than 35 years, and residents with more than a high school education. When controlled for demographic characteristics, the strongest predictors of label use were believing in the importance of eating a low-fat diet, believing in an association between diet and cancer, and being in the maintenance stage of change for adopting a low-fat diet. Label use was significantly associated with lower fat intake and, after controlling for all demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral variables, explained 6% of the variance in fat intake (P < .001). Label use was not associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSION: Persons successfully limiting their fat intake use nutrition labels, suggesting that the new nutrition labels are helpful. Dietetics professionals can use the results of this study to emphasize to their clients the importance of reading nutrition labels in maintaining a low-fat diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Development of a soy food frequency questionnaire to estimate isoflavone consumption in US adults.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a dietary assessment instrument to measure soy food consumption and isoflavone intake and test it for reliability. DESIGN: A soy food frequency questionnaire, designed for use in this study, was administered twice to participants, separated by a 2-week interval. The questionnaire was tested for reproducibility of estimates of soy food consumption and isoflavone (genistein and daidzein) intake. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A convenience sample of 51 faculty, staff, and students was recruited from a naturopathic university. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess reproducibility of estimates of soy food intake and genistein and daidzein intake. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients comparing mean soy food servings per month between the 2 administrations of the questionnaire ranged from 0.50 for soy yogurt to 0.89 for tempeh. Correlation coefficients for genistein and daidzein intake estimated by the 2 administrations of the questionnaire were the same: 0.89. Mean intake (+/- standard deviation) of genistein and daidzein was 7 +/- 10 and 4 +/- 6 mg/day, respectively. Fifteen soy foods contributed 95% of the total genistein and daidzein intake: tofu, soy yogurt, tempeh, soy milk, low-fat tofu, soy flour, miso, soy protein isolate, low-fat soy milk, veggie soy burger, textured vegetable protein, miso soup, cooked soybeans, soy hot dogs, and natto (fermented soy beans). APPLICATIONS: The soy food frequency questionnaire developed in this study provided highly reproducible estimates of soy food consumption and isoflavone intake. This instrument may be a useful tool in studies of the associations between isoflavone exposure and risk for chronic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The genetic revolution: change and challenge for the dietetics profession.

Advances in genetics are occurring at a pace that challenges our ability to understand and respond to the implications. Soon we will be able to define more precisely the molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease; subdivide diseases and conditions (e.g., obesity) that are clinically indistinguishable into more distinct entities, thereby improving our ability to choose rational preventive and treatment measures; identify genotypic markers that predict metabolic responses to dietary interventions; stratify the population into groups at higher or lower risk for chronic diseases such as cancer, thus allowing dietary intervention to be appropriately targeted; and develop dietary recommendations that take into account genetically determined taste preferences. Dietetics leaders, teachers, practitioners, and researchers must act now to ensure that dietetics professionals are prepared for practice in this new era. In this article we introduce the Human Genome Project, review the fundamentals of molecular genetics, discuss genetics and disease risk, and define and give examples of diet-gene interactions. We also discuss issues relevant to dietary counseling of healthy people with genetic susceptibility to chronic disease. To foster the growth of knowledge regarding this new biology among dietitians, The American Dietetic Association should take the following steps: require course work on diet-gene interactions and include human genetics as a topic area on dietetic registration examinations, form a practice group on this topic, develop an Internet-based communication and information hub for dietetics professionals, sponsor a session on human genetics at annual meetings, begin a dialogue regarding a new practice specialty in diet and genetic counseling, and encourage a health care system in which personal counseling on diet-gene interactions is valued and reimbursed.

Diet↗
PubMed1999

Measurement characteristics of the Women's Health Initiative food frequency questionnaire.

PURPOSE: The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is the largest research program ever initiated in the United States with a focus on diet and health. Therefore, it is important to understand and document the measurement characteristics of the key dietary assessment instrument: the WHI food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). METHODS: Data are from 113 women screened for participation in the WHI in 1995. We assessed bias and precision of the FFQ by comparing the intake of 30 nutrients estimated from the FFQ with means from four 24-hour dietary recalls and a 4-day food record. RESULTS: For most nutrients, means estimated by the FFQ were within 10% of the records or recalls. Precision, defined as the correlation between the FFQ and the records and recalls, was similar to other FFQs. Energy adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from 0.2 (vitamin B12) to 0.7 (magnesium) with a mean of 0.5. The correlation for percentage energy from fat (a key measure in WHI) was 0.6. Vitamin supplement use was common. For example, almost half of total vitamin E intake was obtained from supplements. Including supplemental vitamins and minerals increased micronutrient correlation coefficients, which ranged from 0.2 (thiamin) to 0.8 (vitamin E) with a mean of 0.6. CONCLUSIONS: The WHI FFQ produced nutrient estimate, that were similar to those obtained from short-term dietary recall and recording methods. Comparison of WHI FFQ nutrient intake measures to independent and unbiased measures, such as doubly labeled water estimates of energy expenditure, are needed to help address the validity of the FFQ in this population.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Differences in fat-related dietary patterns between black, Hispanic and White women: results from the Women's Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations.

OBJECTIVE: This report examines how sources of fat and patterns of fat-related dietary habits differed between black, Hispanic and white women participating in a randomized trial of a low-fat diet intervention. DESIGN: The intervention consisted of group sessions, which met weekly for 6 weeks, biweekly for 6 weeks and monthly for 9 months, and included didactic nutrition education and activities to provide motivation for sustained dietary change. Outcomes included total fat and fat from nine food groups from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a summary scale and five subscales that measure fat-related dietary habits. SETTING/SUBJECTS: Data are from 1702 post-menopausal women, recruited from clinical centres in Atlanta, Birmingham and Miami, with dietary assessments at baseline and 6 months post-randomization. RESULTS: Total fat intake was similar across race/ethnic groups at baseline, yet there were many differences in sources of fat and fat-related dietary habits. For example, blacks consumed less fat from dairy foods and more fat from meats than whites. Effects of the intervention on total fat intake or the summary fat-related dietary habits scale did not differ across race/ethnicity groups. There were, however, many differences in how the intervention affected sources of fat and fat-related dietary habits. For example, the intervention effect for added fats (e.g. butter and salad dressings) was -8.9 g for blacks and -12.0 g for whites (P<0.05). The intervention effect for adopting low-fat meat purchasing and preparation methods was larger for blacks than whites, and the intervention effect for replacing high-fat foods with fruits and vegetables was larger for Hispanics than whites. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that, if properly designed, a single nutrition intervention programme can work well even in groups with culturally diverse dietary patterns.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a simplified vitamin supplement inventory developed for the Women's Health Initiative.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of a simplified inventory procedure for assessing nutrient intake from vitamin and mineral supplements. DESIGN: Participants brought their supplements to a clinic. An interviewer conducted the supplement inventory procedure, which consisted of recording data on the type of multiple vitamin and single supplements used. For the multiple vitamins, the interviewer recorded the exact dose for a subset of nutrients (vitamin C, calcium, selenium). For other nutrients, we imputed the dose in multiple vitamins. The dose of all single supplements was recorded. Labels of the supplements were photocopied and we transcribed the exact nutrient label data for the criterion measure. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess precision of nutrient intakes from the simplified inventory compared to the criterion measure. SETTING/SUBJECTS: Data are from 104 adult vitamin supplement users in Washington state. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients between nutrient intake estimated from the simplified inventory compared to the criterion measure were high (0.8-1.0) for those nutrients (vitamin C, calcium, selenium) for which the interviewer recorded the exact dose contained in multiple vitamins. However, for nutrients for which imputations were made regarding dose in multiple vitamins, correlation coefficients ranged from good (0.8 for vitamin E) to poor (0.3 for iron). CONCLUSIONS: The simplified inventory is rapid (4-5 min) and practical for large-scale studies. The precision of nutrient estimates using this procedure was variable, although excellent for the subset of nutrients for which the dose was recorded exactly. This study illustrates many of the challenges of collecting high quality supplement data.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins: baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study.

Biochemical measures of nutrients or other dietary constituents can be an important component of nutritional assessment and monitoring. However, accurate interpretation of the nutrient concentration is dependent on knowledge of the determinants of the body pool measured. The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of serum carotenoid and fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in a large, community-based sample (n = 1042). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine effects of demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education), health-related behavior (exercise, sun exposure, smoking, alcohol consumption), and intake (diet, supplements) on serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alpha-tocopherol, phylloquinone, and carotenoid concentrations. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, vitamin A intake, and alcohol consumption were found to be determinants of serum retinol concentration. Race/ethnicity, vitamin D intake, body mass index, smoking status, and sun exposure were determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Determinants of serum alpha-tocopherol were age, sex, race/ethnicity, alpha-tocopherol intake, serum cholesterol, percentage of energy from fat (inversely related), supplement use, and body mass index. Age, sex, phylloquinone intake, serum triglycerides, and supplement use were determinants of serum phylloquinone concentration. Primary determinants of serum carotenoids were age, sex, race/ethnicity, carotenoid intake, serum cholesterol, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and smoking status. Overall, the demographic, dietary, and other lifestyle factors explained little of the variability in serum concentrations of retinol (R2 = 0.20), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (R2 = 0.24), and the carotenoids (R2 = 0.15-0.26); only modest amounts of the variability in serum phylloquinone concentration (R2 = 0.40); and more substantial amounts of the variability in serum alpha-tocopherol concentration (R2 = 0.62).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of ventricular function during high right ventricular septal and apical pacing after his-bundle ablation for refractory atrial fibrillation.

This study compares LV performance during high right ventricular septal (RVS) and apical (RVA) pacing in patients with LV dysfunction who underwent His-bundle ablation for chronic AF. We inserted a passive fixation pacing electrode into the RVA and an active fixation electrode in the RVS. A dual chamber, rate responsive pulse generator stimulated the RVA through the ventricular port and the RVS via the atrial port. Patients were randomized to initial RVA (VVIR) or RVS (AAIR) pacing for 2 months. The pacing site was reversed during the next 2 months. At the 2 and 4 month follow-up visit, each patient underwent a transthoracic echocardiographical study and a rest/exercise first pass radionuclide ventriculogram. We studied nine men and three women (mean age of 68 +/- 7 years) with congestive heart failure functional Class (NYHA Classification): I (3 patients), II (7 patients), and III (2 patients). The QRS duration was shorter during RVS stimulation (158 +/- 10 vs 170 +/- 11 ms, P < 0.001). Chronic capture threshold and lead impedance did not significantly differ. LV fractional shortening improved during RVS pacing (0.31 +/- 0.05 vs 0.26 +/- 0.07, P < 0.01). RVS activation increased the resting first pass LV ejection fraction (0.51 +/- 0.14 vs 0.43 +/- 0.10, P < 0.01). No significant difference was observed during RVS and RVA pacing in the exercise time (5.6 +/- 3.2 vs 5.4 +/- 3.1, P = 0.6) or the exercise first pass LV ejection fraction (0.58 +/- 0.15 vs 0.55 +/- 0.16, P = 0.2). The relative changes in QRS duration and LV ejection fraction at both pacing sites showed a significant correlation (P < 0.01). We conclude that RVS pacing produces shorter QRS duration and better chronic LV function than RVA pacing in patients with mild to moderate LV dysfunction and chronic AF after His-bundle ablation.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer.

This population-based, case-control study in King County, Washington examined supplement use in 697 incident prostate cancer cases (ages 40-64) identified from the Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program registry and 666 controls recruited from the same overall population using random-digit dialing sampling. Participants reported their frequency of use of three types of multivitamins and single supplements of vitamins A, C, and E, calcium, iron, and zinc over the 2 years before diagnosis. Logistic regression analyses controlled for age, race, education, family history of prostate cancer, body mass index, number of prostate-specific antigen tests in the previous 5 years, and dietary fat intake. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence limits) for the contrast of > or =7/week versus no use were as follows: multivitamins, 0.96 (0.73, 1.26); vitamin A, 0.59 (0.32, 1.06); vitamin C, 0.77 (0.57, 1.04); vitamin E, 0.76 (0.54, 1.08); calcium, 1.04 (0.61, 1.78); iron, 0.50 (0.13, 1.76); and zinc, 0.55 (0.30, 1.00). Odds ratios differed little when cases were stratified by stage of disease at diagnosis or by histopathological grade. There were significant dose-response effects for zinc and ordered dose-response trends for vitamins C and E. Overall, these results suggest that multivitamin use is not associated with prostate cancer risk, but use of individual supplements of zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin E may be protective. Further study is needed to investigate the direct role of these dietary supplements, as well as the role of lifestyle variables associated with supplement use, on prostate cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Validity of short food frequency questionnaires used in cancer chemoprevention trials: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.

Here, we describe the measurement characteristics of a 13-item dietary screener used in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. We used data from 10,913 men who completed the 13-item dietary screener, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and questionnaires on demographic and health-related characteristics and from 146 men who also completed multiple 24-h dietary recalls in a substudy. The analyses in this report focused on percentage energy from fat and saturated fat and used the mean estimates from the dietary recalls as the criterion measures. Absolute nutrient estimates from the screener were about one-third of the estimates from the recalls and the FFQ. Validity was defined as the Pearson correlation of the criterion measures of fat with the corresponding measures from the FFQ and the screener. The FFQ was a statistically significantly more precise measure of percentage energy from fat (r = 0.71) and saturated fat (r = 0.72) than was the screener (r = 0.50 and 0.53, respectively). There were also statistically significant differences in how well these instruments could detect variation in dietary fat across various participant characteristics, suggesting that the screener may not perform as well as the FFQ across demographic strata such as education (P < 0.001). The results from this study suggest that the use of short dietary screeners as the sole assessment instrument may result in a serious loss of information regarding important exposures (e.g., fat intake) and lost opportunities to enhance our knowledge regarding dietary factors and cancer risk.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of trans-fatty acid intake with a food frequency questionnaire and validation with adipose tissue levels of trans-fatty acids.

Past studies of the association of trans-fatty acid intake with coronary heart disease have been hindered by the lack of a database on the trans-fatty acid content of various foods. The authors used new data from the US Department of Agriculture to estimate trans-fatty acid intake using a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and they assessed the validity of the FFQ by comparing the dietary estimates with trans-fatty acid concentrations in adipose tissue. The 1996 study included 27 women and 24 men aged 51-78 years. The mean consumption of total trans-fatty acids estimated from the FFQ was 2.24 g per day and 5% of total dietary fat. The mean concentration of total trans-fatty acids in buttock adipose tissue was 4.7% of total fatty acids. Pearson correlations between total dietary intake of trans-fatty acids and total trans-fatty acid levels in adipose tissue were 0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.84) among men and 0.58 (95% CI 0.26-0.79) among women. After adjustment for energy intake, age, and body mass index, the correlation coefficients were 0.76 (95% CI 0.51-0.89) among men and 0.52 (95% CI 0.17-0.75) among women. The FFQ validated in this study is an important new tool for assessing usual intake of trans-fatty acids.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Validity of methods used to assess vitamin and mineral supplement use.

Assessing vitamin and mineral supplement use is important because supplement use per se is an exposure of interest for the risk of several chronic diseases and because supplements contribute a large proportion of total (diet plus supplement) micronutrient intake, another important exposure in epidemiologic research. Unfortunately, little is known about methods for obtaining valid information about supplement use. The authors conducted a validation study in 1996 comparing supplement data collected in a telephone interview and from a self-administered questionnaire with data derived from a detailed, in-person interview and transcription of the labels of supplement bottles (i.e., a gold standard) among adult supplement users in Washington State (n = 104). Spearman correlation coefficients comparing average daily supplemental vitamin and mineral intake from the interview or questionnaire with the gold standard ranged from 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.66-0.83) for vitamin C to 0.08 (95% confidence interval -0.14 to 0.29) for iron, with a mean of about 0.5. The principal sources of error were inaccurate assumptions about the micronutrient composition of multiple vitamins and respondent confusion regarding the distinction between multiple vitamins and single supplements. These results suggest that commonly used epidemiologic methods of assessing supplement use may incorporate significant amounts of error in estimates of some nutrients.

Adult↗