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Biomedical subjects

R E Malone

Publications and source records attributed to R E Malone.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Dimensions of vulnerability in emergency nurses' narratives.

Two notions of vulnerability dominate in the nursing literature. In one model, vulnerability is equated with susceptibility to particular harmful agents, conditions, or events at particular times and is considered something to be avoided or resisted. Another view regards vulnerability as the ever-present, common condition of all sentient beings and a condition of nurses' access to understanding patients' experiences. This article uses data from an ethnographic study conducted in two hospital emergency departments to illustrate tensions between these two stances toward vulnerability as they are reflected in emergency nurses' narratives.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Cigars, youth, and the Internet link.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the accessibility and appeal to youth of cigar marketing sites on the Internet. METHODS: Sites marketing cigars (n = 141) were examined for age restrictions, prices, health warnings, and other elements. RESULTS: Although it is illegal for minors to purchase tobacco, only 36 sites (25.5%) prohibited purchases by minors. Sites offered low prices, and 32% accepted money orders, cashier's checks, or cash-on-delivery (COD) orders. Almost 30% of the sites included elements with potential youth appeal; only 3.5% displayed health warnings. CONCLUSIONS: The unregulated promotion of cigars on the Internet has the potential to attract youth, and there are few barriers to Internet tobacco purchases by minors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Coordination of the initiation of recombination and the reductional division in meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Early exchange (EE) genes are required for the initiation of meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells with mutations in several EE genes undergo an earlier reductional division (MI), which suggests that the initiation of meiotic recombination is involved in determining proper timing of the division. The different effects of null mutations on the timing of reductional division allow EE genes to be assorted into three classes: mutations in RAD50 or REC102 that confer a very early reductional division; mutations in REC104 or REC114 that confer a division earlier than that of wild-type (WT) cells, but later than that of mutants of the first class; and mutations in MEI4 that do not significantly alter the timing of MI. The very early mutations are epistatic to mutations in the other two classes. We propose a model that accounts for the epistatic relationships and the communication between recombination initiation and the first division. Data in this article indicate that double-strand breaks (DSBs) are not the signal for the normal delay of reductional division; these experiments also confirm that MEI4 is required for the formation of meiotic DSBs. Finally, if a DSB is provided by the HO endonuclease, recombination can occur in the absence of MEI4 and REC104.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1998

Ethical issues in publication of research.

We often think of research ethics mostly in connection with the processes of intervention, data collection, and analysis, but ethics does not stop there. The process of preparing publications involves a number of ethical considerations, including continued protection of the rights of human subjects; reporting findings truthfully, accurately, and completely and using one's own words to do so, or appropriately citing the work of others; and ensuring that authorship credit and acknowledgments accurately reflect the contributions of others. No foolproof way exists to ensure that only ethical publications see print; however, including content on publication ethics in all research courses, publishing clear policies related to ethical expectations in journals, and engaging in discussion of these issues with colleagues are a good start toward that goal.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1998

Whither the almshouse? Overutilization and the role of the emergency department.

The problem of emergency department (ED) overutilization or "inappropriate" utilization is commonly conceptualized in terms of inadequate access to appropriate primary medical care. Although medical care access is a critical issue, a focus on increased access to medical care as the sole solution to "inappropriate" ED utilization may obscure other, perhaps equally relevant, issues from consideration. This article reports findings from an ethnographic study focusing on heavy users (HUs) of EDs in two inner-city hospitals. Drawing on fieldwork and on interviews with HU patients and ED clinicians, I argue that the emergence of heavy ED utilization as both a clinical and policy problem is a function not merely of unmet medical care needs for individuals, but of "almshouse" needs in a changing health care context. The emergence of ED overutilization as a problem occurs in the context of market forces that are contributing to shifts in the role of EDs and in the moral boundaries of accepted ED practice. If the problem of heavy ED use is more broadly conceptualized in terms of this role shift, not solely in terms of medical care access, a different set of issues and priorities for research, policy, and clinical practice emerges.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Against consumers.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Consumer Advocacy↗
PubMed1997

Isolation of early meiotic recombination genes analogous to S. cerevisiae REC104 from the yeasts S. paradoxus and S. pastorianus.

The REC104 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required to initiate recombination in meiosis. Mutations in REC104 eliminate meiotic recombination and lead to the production of inviable spores. To determine if analogous genes exist in other yeasts, clones that hybridized to a REC104 probe were isolated from the yeasts S. paradoxus and S. pastorianus. When transformed into a rec104 strain, the REC104 analogs from these two yeasts restored spore viability and meiotic recombination to the same level as a REC104 gene cloned from S. cerevisiae. Compared to S. cerevisiae, the S. paradoxus gene codes for 79% identical amino acids and has 86% nucleic-acid identity in the promoter region and 84% in the coding region. The S. pastorianus gene codes for 63% identical amino acids and has 59% and 71% identity in the promoter and the coding regions, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Examination of the intron in the meiosis-specific recombination gene REC114 in Saccharomyces.

REC114 is one of 10 genes known to be required for the initiation of meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is transcribed only in meiosis, and our previous sequence analysis suggested the presence of an intron in the 3' end of the gene. Hypotheses in the literature have suggested, because of its unusual location, either that the putative intron in REC114 is likely to be necessary for expression, or that there may actually be no intron present. This work demonstrates that REC114 does have an intron and is one of only three genes in yeast with introns located in the 3' end. Furthermore, the 3' splice site utilized in REC114 is a very rare AAG sequence; only three other genes in yeast use this nonconsensus sequence. The splicing of REC114 does not require MER1, a gene known to be involved in meiosis-specific RNA processing. In fact, an intronless copy of REC114 can complement a null rec114 mutation. Thus, it does not appear that the intron is essential for expression of REC114. Although the intron is not absolutely required for meiotic function, it is conserved in evolution; two other species of yeast contain an intron at the same location in their REC114 genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Recombination and the progression of meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Recombination is an essential part of meiosis: in almost all organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, proper chromosome segregation and the viability of meiotic products is dependent upon normal levels of recombination. In this article we examine the kinetics of the meiotic divisions in four mutants defective in the initiation of recombination. We find that mutations in any of three Early Exchange genes (REC104, REC114 or REC102) confer a phenotype in which the reductional division occurs earlier than in an isogenic wild-type diploid. We also present data confirming previous reports that strains with a mutation in the Early Exchange gene. MEI4 undergo the first division at about the same time as wild-type cells. The rec104 mutation is epistatic to the mei4 mutation for the timing of the first division. These observations suggest a possible relationship between the initiation of recombination and the timing of the reductional division. These data also allow these four Early Exchange genes examined to be distinguished in terms of their role in coordinating recombination with the reductional division.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1997

Molecular and genetic analysis of REC103, an early meiotic recombination gene in yeast.

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at least 10 genes are required to begin meiotic recombination. A new early recombination gene REC103 is described in this paper. It was initially defined by the rec103-1 mutation found in a selection for mutations overcoming the spore inviability of a rad52 spo13 haploid strain. Mutations in REC103 also rescue rad52 in spo13 diploids. rec103 spo13 strains produce viable spores; these spores show no evidence of meiotic recombination. rec103 SPO13 diploids produce no viable spores, consistent with loss of recombination. Mutations in REC103 do not affect mitotic recombination, growth, or repair. These phenotypes are identical to those conferred by mutations in several other early meiotic recombination genes (e.g., REC102, REC104, REC114, ME14, MER2, and SPO11). REC103 maps to chromosome VII between ADE5 and RAD54. Cloning and sequencing of REC103 reveals that REC103 is identical to SK18, a gene that depresses the expression of yeast double-stranded ("killer") (ds)RNA viruses. REC103/SK18 is transcribed in mitotic cells and is induced approximately 15-fold in meiosis. REC103 has 26% amino acid identity to the Schizasaccharomyces pombe rec14+ gene; mutations in both genes confer similar meiotic phenotypes, suggesting that they may play similar roles in meiotic recombination.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1996

Double strand breaks at the HIS2 recombination hot spot in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Double strand breaks (DSBs) have been found at several meiotic recombination hot spots in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; more global studies have found that they occur at many places along several yeast chromosomes during meiosis. Indeed, the number of breaks found is consistent with the number of recombination events predicted from the genetic map. We have previously demonstrated that the HIS2 gene is a recombination hot spot, exhibiting a high frequency of gene conversion and associated crossing over. This paper shows that DSBs occur in meiosis at a site in the coding region and at a site downstream of the HIS2 gene and that the DSBs are dependent upon genes required for recombination. The frequency of DSBs at HIS2 increases when the gene conversion frequency is increased by alterations in the DNA around HIS2, and vice versa. A deletion that increases both DSBs and conversion can stimulate both when heterozygous; that is, it is semidominant and acts to stimulate DSBs in trans. These data are consistent with the view that homologous chromosomes associate with each other before the formation of the DSBs.

Crossing Over, Genetic↗
PubMed1996

Almost 'like family': emergency nurses and 'frequent flyers'.

OBJECTIVE: Heavy users (HUs) of emergency services ("repeaters" or "frequent flyers") are often regarded by emergency nurses as "problem patients." Yet, these patients also solicit deeper clinician involvement because of their familiarity and their often intractable medical and social problems. The primary objective of this study was to contribute to improved understanding of the phenomenon of heavy ED use by describing the context within which such use occurs and its meanings to patients and to clinicians. METHODS: Observational and narrative data were collected during ethnographic fieldwork in two inner-city trauma center emergency departments. Data were interpreted using interpretive phenomenological strategies. FINDINGS: Relationships between ED clinicians and HU patients in the study hospitals were characterized by complexity and ambivalence, but thematic analysis of interviews revealed commonalities. Recognition practices, discussed in this article, were central to both centers. DISCUSSION: Frustration with a system that focuses on control but often leaves ED clinicians feeling like failures as they try to pick up the pieces for failing or absent families, communities, and social programs can contribute to stigmatization of HU patients, missed clinical diagnoses, and reduced nurse morale. Acknowledging the reasonable limits of control, and engaging in simple recognition and inclusion practices, may be more meaningful in furthering changes in HU patients behavior than biomedically oriented interventions.

Adult↗