Infant feeding method and adolescent personality.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
R E Davis
Publications and source records attributed to R E Davis.
Culture and Metabolism of the Rumen Ciliate Epidinium ecaudatum Crawley.
The rumen ciliate Epidinium ecaudatum was cultured for 6 months in the presence of two strains of bacteria, starch, alfalfa, linseed oil meal, and buffered saline. The cultures required daily transfer and addition of fresh substrate. The protozoan degraded starch, soybean oil meal, linseed oil meal, and cottonseed oil meal, and the fermentation end products from the breakdown of starch were acetic and butyric acids with traces of formic, propionic, and lactic acids, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The relationship of E. ecaudatum to other species of rumen oligotrichs and bacteria is discussed.
Journal Article↗
THE APPLICATION OF THE TOTAL AVAILABLE CARBOHYDRATE METHOD TO THE STUDY OF CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES OF SWITCH CANE (ARUNDINARA TECTA).
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Journal Article↗
Comparison of topical anti-ischemic agents in the salvage of failing random-pattern skin flaps in rats.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of topical anti-ischemic drug therapy in the salvage of failing, random-pattern skin flaps. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, therapeutic trial. SETTING: Academic medical center. SUBJECTS: Sixty-one adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTION: Each experimental rat underwent a caudally based random-pattern skin flap using the modified McFarlane technique. Rats were randomized to 1 of 6 treatment groups: topical nifedipine, topical trolamine salicylate, topical nitroglycerin, topical trolamine salicylate-nitroglycerin combination, topical nifedipine-trolamine salicylate-nitroglycerin combination, or inert carrier ointment (control). Treatment was initiated immediately following flap closure and continued every 6 hours for 7 days. At the end of the treatment period, animals were euthanized and flap survival was determined for each one. RESULTS: Topical anti-ischemic drug therapy resulted in a statistically significant reduction in ischemic flap necrosis for each drug (or combination) tested relative to the 44.2% mean necrosis observed in control animals. Treatment with the combination of topical nitroglycerin and topical trolamine salicylate resulted in the best salvage response (25.2% mean necrosis) with a statistically significant improvement in flap survival relative to both controls and nitroglycerin alone. CONCLUSIONS: Topical anti-ischemic agents are effective in reducing ischemic necrosis of failing, random-pattern skin flaps in the rat model. Although nitroglycerin, trolamine salicylate, and nifedipine possess unique pharmacologic mechanisms of action, each drug produced a statistically significant improvement in flap survival. The results of this study suggest that topical drug therapy may play an important role in clinical salvage of the failing skin flap. Further studies are needed to explore the potential of combination drug therapy.
Administration, Topical↗
Esthesioneuroblastoma and neck metastasis.
Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare malignant neoplasm arising from the cribriform olfactory epithelium. Its aggressive biologic behavior is characterized by inapparent submucosal spread, local recurrence, atypical distant metastases, and poor long-term prognosis. Historically, the suspicion of neck metastasis has not been associated with ENB. A retrospective review of all ENB patients treated at the University of North Carolina Hospitals since 1972 has revealed an unusually high incidence of cervical metastases (four of four patients). This prompted a review of the ENB surgical literature. All English-literature series published since the widespread use of craniofacial surgery with accruals of eight or more patients were examined for reports of neck metastasis. Although the cumulative cervical metastatic rate reached 27% (55 of 207 patients), most authors failed to recognize the potential risk of cervical metastasis in ENB. Furthermore, in patients suffering from Kadish stage C disease, the cervical metastatic rate climbed to 44% (25 of 57 Kadish stage C patients). This further emphasizes the importance of the neck as a high-risk metastatic site. These findings suggest that cervical metastases may be an important consideration in the evaluation and treatment of patients suffering from ENB. Strategies for evaluation and management of the neck are discussed.
Adult↗
Cognition activators.
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Alzheimer Disease↗
Glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations in patients with diabetic neuropathy.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were measured in 50 patients with clinically significant diabetic neuropathy. There were 24 males and 26 females with a mean age of 58.1 years and a mean duration of diabetes of 8.9 years. The glycosylated Hb concentration was not significantly different in these patients (13.9% +/- 2.4 SD) compared with randomly selected diabetic patients matched for age (+/- 5 years), sex and therapy without clinical evidence of neuropathy (13.6% +/- 2.2). There was no significant difference in the duration of diabetes between the two groups. The results would suggest that factors other than the degree of control of diabetes are important in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
Adolescent↗
PD 142676 (CI 1002), a novel anticholinesterase and muscarinic antagonist.
Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) can provide relief from the cognitive loss associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, unwanted peripheral side effects often limit the usefulness of the available anticholinesterases. Recently, we identified a dihydroquinazoline compound, PD 142676 (CI 1002) that is a potent anticholinesterase and a functional muscarinic antagonist at higher concentrations. Peripherally, PD 142676, unlike other anticholinesterases, inhibits gastrointestinal motility in rats, an effect consistent with its muscarinic antagonist properties. Centrally, the compound acts as a cholinomimetic. In rats, PD 142676 decreases core body temperature. It also increases neocortical arousal, as measured by quantitative electroencephalography, and cortical acetylcholine levels, measured by in vivo microdialysis. The compound improves the performance of C57/B10j mice in a water maze task and of aged rhesus monkeys in a delayed match-to-sample task involving short-term memory. The combined effect of AChE inhibition and muscarinic antagonism distinguishes PD 142676 from other anticholinesterases, and may be useful in treating the cognitive dysfunction of AD and produce fewer peripheral side effects.
Animals↗
Chemical studies on memory fixation in goldfish.
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Animals↗
Next generation tacrine.
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Alzheimer Disease↗
Continuous ICV infusion of scopolamine impairs sustained attention of rhesus monkeys.
Systemic administration of anticholinergic agents impairs cognitive performance in animals and man. The anticholinergic, scopolamine, has profound effects on peripheral and central cholinergic function, making interpretation of its effects on cognitive performance difficult. To circumvent this problem, scopolamine was administered directly to the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys using a subcutaneously implanted infusion pump connected to a cannulae directed toward the right lateral ventricle. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of scopolamine (0.004, 0.012, 12.5, and 40.0 micrograms/kg/h) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of responses on a continuous performance task. Response decrements produced by scopolamine were seen mainly during the last half of the test session and at short stimulus durations. These data suggest that scopolamine produces a deficit in sustained attention or slowing of information processing that is mediated through direct central cholinergic blockade in the rhesus monkey.
Animals↗
Thermoregulation in the horse in response to exercise.
Conversion of stored energy into mechanical energy during exercise is relatively inefficient with approximately 80% of the energy being given off as heat. Relative to many species the horse suffers an apparent disadvantage by possessing a high metabolic capacity yet a small surface area for dissipation of heat, particularly as evaporation of sweat is the major method of heat dissipation. Under most conditions of exercise at least two-thirds of the metabolic heat load is dissipated via this means with sweat losses of more than 10 l h-1 reported. The remaining exercise-induced heat load must be stored (reflected by an increase in core temperature), dissipated across the respiratory tract or lost via other mechanisms. Respiratory heat loss can account for dissipation of more than 25% of the metabolic heat load during exercise. Under conditions where ambient temperature and humidity are high, evaporative heat loss will be limited thereby posing an increased risk of thermal stress if exercise is continued. Additionally, concurrent dehydration reduces conductance of heat from core to periphery, further increasing the risk of heat induced illness. A basic understanding of the thermoregulatory responses in the exercising horse is imperative if heat induced illnesses are to be avoided. If they do occur rapid recognition and effective management are essential.
Animals↗
Alterations in muscarinic receptor-coupled phosphoinositide hydrolysis and AP-1 activation in Alzheimer's disease cybrid cells.
Alzheimer's disease cybrid cells produced by replacing endogenous mitochondria in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with platelet mitochondria from subjects with Alzheimer's disease have higher levels of reactive oxygen species than do cybrid cells with mitochondria from control subjects. These cells were used to test if this chronic mild increase in reactive oxygen species affects muscarinic receptor-coupled signaling activities. Basal and carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis were higher, and there was less inhibition by glutathione depletion, in Alzheimer's disease than control cybrid cells. Elevated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in Alzheimer's disease cybrid cells also was evident upon direct activation of G-proteins (Gq/11) linked to phosphoinositide signaling or of phospholipase C, but immunoblot analyses revealed equivalent levels of Gq/11 and phospholipase C in both cell lines. These results indicate that there is up-regulation of phosphoinositide signaling in Alzheimer's disease cybrid cells in association with chronic mild oxidative stress, although treatment of cells with H(2)O(2) to induce greater acute oxidative stress caused decreases in carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis that were similar in Alzheimer's disease and control cybrid cells. In contrast to phosphoinositide hydrolysis, carbachol-stimulated AP-1 DNA binding activity was lower in Alzheimer's disease than control cybrid cells, and this deficit was associated with deficient protein kinase C-mediated activation of AP-1. Overall, these results demonstrate that chronically elevated reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer's disease cybrid cells are associated with a more robust phosphoinositide signaling system, but lower signaling to activation of AP-1. These alterations may represent adaptations to exposure to oxidants, which precede more widespread deficits in signaling associated with more severe oxidative stress.
Alzheimer Disease↗
Tapping into the culture of homelessness.
This article describes the problem of homelessness from a cultural perspective. Three health and human service agencies located in Pennsylvania were investigated to ascertain whether the needs of the homeless as a culture were being met. The findings of this qualitative investigation conclude that the strategies of survival inherent in the culture of homelessness are rarely considered by social and health agencies in providing services to the homeless. Implications for improving health and other services provided for the homeless from a cultural perspective are discussed in the concluding remarks of the report.
Cultural Diversity↗
Confronting barriers to universal screening for domestic violence.
Nationally, domestic violence has reached epidemic proportions. Universal screening is a vital means to identify those women who suffer in abusive relationships with intimate partners. Collaborative efforts between a community shelter for abused women and a local medical center's emergency department resulted in the development and implementation of a universal screening process. Barriers encountered by the emergency department nursing staff during the initial phase of screening included lack of information about domestic violence issues as well as about the tool, personal perceptions and feelings about domestic violence, and institutional barriers such as lack of time, space, and privacy in the emergency department. Of these, informational and affective barriers of nursing staff are viewed as the most significant. Discussion includes a call for emphasis on domestic violence in the curricula of nursing programs and those of other health care providers and use of universal screening to identify and assist abused women. Interdisciplinary methods of formal education, in-service training, and continuing education are encouraged to augment existing universal screening, as well as to assist those who have yet to implement such a process.
Adolescent↗
Understanding ethnic women's experiences with pharmacopeia.
For centuries, women have been the primary caregivers and healers in their communities. The literature documents well that the tasks involved in caregiving, such as preparing remedies, providing physical nurturance, and attending the sick, give a gynocentric flavor to healing traditions. Ethnic women, in particular, promote caring and curing through a wide range of folk remedies. These remedies employ foods, herbs, and over-the-counter medications. Importantly, the actual remedies are not as critical to the care of an ill person as the meaning of the cultural memories inherent in acts of caring. I discovered comfort, nurturance, and familiarity to be intrinsic to the holistic nature of the remedies used and to be salient features of the memories of healing and curing within Puerto Rican and African American groups. Through the use of remedies, the Puerto Rican and African American women who participated in these phenomenological investigations impart healing for the body, mind, and spirit.
Black or African American↗
Comparative properties of spiroplasmas and emerging taxonomic concepts: a proposal.
The major serogroups and distinct subgroups of spiroplasmas seem to represent distinct species. The scheme of classification into these groups was initially based on serologic properties and later supported by the results of studies of DNA-DNA homology and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses of cellular proteins. Because separate subgroups within the same major serogroup cross-react in growth inhibition tests and other serologic tests, a taxonomic scheme is proposed which implies that certain major criteria for species differentiation within the genus Mycoplasma cannot be appropriately applied to the genus Spiroplasma without modification. Nevertheless, the grouping scheme and proposed speciation satisfy requirements for a species concept that is utilitarian and operational and consistent with recommendations by the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology, Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes.
Bacterial Proteins↗
The postpartum experience for southeast Asian women in the United States.
PURPOSE: To examine the meaning of postpartum experiences for Southeast Asian women living in the United States. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Phenomenology. Open-ended interviews were conducted with 19 women; audio-taped interviews were transcribed and analyzed for recurrent themes. RESULTS: Women identified culturally specific treatments they needed to use following the birth of an infant. These treatments are meant to delay aging and to prevent chronic ailments, and include stringent dietary measures and prolonged rest periods. Because childbirth signifies a paramount event in the life of a woman belonging to the Cambodian, Vietnamese, or Hmong cultures, she is accorded a great deal of assistance from female relatives. Three themes were discovered through this research: Prolonged Rest, Regaining Balance in the Body, and the Affiliation of Women. The themes give meaning to childbirth experiences and future well-being in the community. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The childbirth experience in Southeast Asian cultures is saturated with great status, particularly in the family and community. In addition, postpartum cultural traditions of Southeast Asian women comprise deep meaning for healthy aging. Through this study, nurses can gain a more in-depth appreciation of the underlying meanings of postpartum practices for Southeast Asian women.
Adult↗