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Biomedical subjects

R Doll

Publications and source records attributed to R Doll.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Body size and survival in premenopausal breast cancer.

The survival experience of 582 women with premenopausal breast cancer was examined to determine whether prognosis was related to body size or to demographic and reproductive factors. During the follow-up period 228 patients died and 18 emigrated or were lost to follow-up. Usual body weight, reported at the time of diagnosis, was a strong predictor of survival, with a statistically significant trend towards lower survival with increasing weight. Height and obesity (Quetelet index) were not significantly related to survival, although the tallest women and the most obese women appeared to fare worst. Other characteristics of prognostic importance were disease stage and reproductive history (women who were older when their first child was born fared better). Women aged 46-50 when diagnosed also appeared more likely to survive but no clear trend with age was evident. Other characteristics of the women including social class, cigarette use and oral contraceptive use were not significantly related to survival probability.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Exposure to vinyl chloride and angiosarcoma of the liver: a report of the register of cases.

The Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe maintains a register of all cases of angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL) resulting from exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). This register has recorded all known VCM related cases of the disease worldwide that have been histologically confirmed. Although likely to be incomplete, it is the most comprehensive tabulation of such cases available and, by the end of 1984, 118 men had been registered. The information from analysis of the cases currently on the register is used to make an approximate projection of the number of cases to be expected in the future. The conclusion from this projection is that the industry is reaching the halfway stage in the appearance of VCM related ASL.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Occupational exposure to hydrazine and subsequent risk of cancer.

Four hundred and twenty seven men with varying degrees of occupational exposure to hydrazine, a weak animal carcinogen, were studied to see if they provided any evidence of carcinogenicity to man. The observed mortality was close to that expected for lung cancer, other cancers, and all other causes, irrespective of the level of exposure. There were 49 deaths (61.47 expected) from all causes including five deaths from lung cancer (6.65 expected). The results show that no obvious hazards associated with hydrazine exposure have yet appeared but because of the small number of men studied they can only exclude gross hazards.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1984

The controlled trial.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1984

Prevention of cancer: practical prospects.

The discovery of some 40 specific factors that have caused cancer in humans has demonstrated conclusively that many fatal cancers are capable of being prevented. These known factors are responsible for less than half all fatal cancers in all countries and much less in most; but there is good evidence, derived from the variation in the incidence of cancer in different communities, in different countries, and at different times that in many countries it may be possible to prevent 80% of all cancers or even more. The practical problems facing each country are different. Not only are the types of cancer different that need most urgently to be prevented, but so are the social and economic conditions that permit or constrain the introduction of preventive measures. Well-understood measures are summarized and the prospects for others that are less established or as yet untried are discussed, including the use of low-tar cigarettes, dietary modification, and anti-viral vaccines.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiological discovery of occupational cancers.

Most occupational hazards of cancer that have been recognized have been discovered as a result of clinical intuition or epidemiological observation. Most could, however, have been avoided if modern laboratory techniques had been used to test the substances used before men and women were deliberately exposed to them. Industry must be expected to use such tests in the future and it is hoped that few occupational hazards of cancer will be introduced. Laboratory studies, however, are not 100% reliable as predictors of human risk and epidemiological observations will continue to be required to: detect existing hazards that have been overlooked, pick up new hazards that were not predicted by laboratory investigation, determine the level of risk that is socially acceptable, if a carcinogenic agent has to be used, and sometimes to demonstrate the safety of an agent that has been suspected of causing a hazard to man on uncertain grounds. The ways in which epidemiological observations can be used for these purposes are discussed.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1984

Geographic and social class variation within the UK in levels of salivary nitrates and nitrites. A preliminary report.

In the study, the first results of which are reported here, salivary nitrate and nitrite levels were examined in populations drawn from regions of the UK which differ in mortality rates for gastric cancer. The aims were to see, firstly, whether there was an equivalent geographic variation for nitrate and nitrite levels and, secondly, whether within each region any socio-economic or dietary characteristics correlated with the salivary levels. The results show that the nitrate and nitrite levels are significantly higher in residents from the Oxford region (low gastric cancer incidence area) than in residents from the north-east of England and north Wales (high-incidence areas). Further, within each area there is a noticeable relationship between nitrate and nitrite levels and age and social class. The social class trend is, as with the geographic trend, the inverse of that for stomach cancer risk. It is felt that the explanation of these results is probably a greater consumption of fresh, nitrate-containing vegetables by people in the Oxford region and by those in higher socio-economic groups. The implications that these results have for the nitrate hypothesis in relation to gastric cancer is discussed.

Adolescent↗