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Biomedical subjects

R D Young

Publications and source records attributed to R D Young.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Self-labeling by educably mentally retarded high school students in their mainstream and special education classes.

Educably mentally retarded (EMR) students and nonhandicapped students from their mainstream classes completed semantic differential ratings of a stereotypic popular teen-ager, juvenile delinquent, and special education student. Subjects also rated their global self-concepts and situation-specific self-concepts within the mainstream and the special class settings. Ratings were done at the beginning (Time 1) and the end (Time 2) of a semester. Results showed that mainstream classes did not "de-label" EMR students. Within the mainstream class, the number of EMR students who saw themselves as similar to a special education student significantly increased over time. Moreover, at Time 2, EMR students were more likely to think of themselves as similar to a special education student in their mainstream class than in their special education class. However, EMR subjects' global self-concepts did not change. Implications for mainstreaming are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The platelet reactivity of collagen type VI.

Collagen type VI in native (undenatured or triple-helical) form has been shown, like collagen types I-V, alpha 1(I) trimer and alpha 2(I) trimer, to possess platelet reactivity provided that essential quaternary structural needs are first satisfied. Thus platelet aggregation was induced by the collagenous domain of collagen type VI, isolated free of the non-collagenous elements, when this entity was presented to platelets in fibrillar form. This implies that platelet recognition sites in collagen type VI are located in the collagenous sequence of the molecule. Aggregation of platelets was also induced, although a higher concentration was required, by the intact, "parent" collagen following its polymerisation by random association of molecules with the aid of a cross-linking agent (glutaraldehyde) to yield an amorphous polymer. This permits the suggestion that the more ordered molecular assembly of collagen type VI thought to occur in vivo, to yield a microfibrillar form, is likely to be associated with significant platelet reactivity. Our results support the notion that any collagenous species may be reactive towards platelets provided that essential tertiary and quaternary structural requirements are met and in this sense, therefore, they favour more the idea of multiple platelet-reactive sites in collagen of relatively low structural specificity and low affinity.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships.

We extended the scope of recent studies in which self-awareness and perspective taking have been used as predictors of social competence or adjustment: We analyzed their influence on the satisfaction experienced in monogamous, heterosexual relationships. Members of 131 couples answered questions concerning themselves and their relationships. We predicted that individual differences in private self-consciousness would be positively related to relationship satisfaction because of the greater self-disclosure resulting from that heightened self-attention. Second, we predicted that individual differences in perspective taking would foster relationship satisfaction, independent of any influence of self-disclosure. Both expectations were confirmed. Scores on the private self-consciousness scale were predictive of reported self-disclosure, and self-disclosure was predictive of satisfaction in the relationship. Furthermore, once the influence of self-disclosure was removed, no effect of self-consciousness on satisfaction remained. In contrast, after disclosure was controlled, perspective-taking scores were significantly related to satisfaction and were in fact unrelated to disclosure at all. These findings indicate that two personality characteristics having to do with habitual attention to behavioral tendencies, to emotions, and to motivations significantly enhance the quality of close heterosexual relationships in different ways. Results are discussed in terms of current theory in the related fields.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Protein states and proteinquakes.

After photodissociation of carbon monoxide bound to myoglobin, the protein relaxes to the deoxy equilibrium structure in a quake-like motion. Investigation of the proteinquake and of related intramolecular equilibrium motions shows that states and motions have a hierarchical glass-like structure.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1985

Changes at the periphery of a lesion in necrotising scleritis: anterior segment fluorescein angiography correlated with electron microscopy.

Anterior segment fluorescein angiography in scleral disease reveals highly characteristic changes in the vasculature of the anterior segment associated with necrotising scleritis. The vaso-obliterative changes discovered in this investigation have been correlated with the histopathology in a patient who had to have tissue replaced. Light and electron microscopy of scleral tissue excised from sites of vascular closure detected by fluorescein angiography peripheral to the scleral defect revealed pathological changes in the absence of inflammatory cell infiltration. These changes included vascular stasis, partial vaso-obliteration, and fibroblastic transformation of scleral fibrocytes in association with intra- and extracellular degradation of the collagenous component of the matrix.

Collagen↗
PubMed1985

The ultrastructural organization of proteoglycans and collagen in human and rabbit scleral matrix.

The distribution of proteoglycans and their association with collagen fibrils were studied in human and rabbit sclera following fixation of tissue in glutaraldehyde containing Cuprolinic Blue, a specific stain for proteoglycans when used in the presence of critical concentrations of electrolytes. Proteoglycans were visualized by electron microscopy as fine filaments, approximately 54 nm in length and 5 nm in diameter, associated with the d band in the gap zone of the periodic collagen banding pattern. Filaments were present in three orientations: (1) radiating from the d band to associate with corresponding sites on adjacent collagen fibrils; (2) encircling the collagen fibril at the d band position; and (3) lying along the fibril axis, often linking consecutive d bands. No difference was apparent between the proteoglycan-collagen organization in human and rabbit sclera. A similar arrangement of proteoglycan filaments in association with the d band was also evident throughout all levels of the sclera in spite of considerable variations in fibril diameter from inner to outer stroma. Furthermore, the specific relationship of proteoglycans with the collagen fibrils in sclera closely resembled that previously described in tendon and in articular cartilage, lending support to the view that the association of proteoglycans with collagen may be consistent in a majority of connective tissues, irrespective of their diverse functional specializations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Attention styles of hyperactive and normal girls.

Behavioral characteristics and cognitive skills of teacher-identified hyperactive (n = 24) and normally active (n = 24) first- and second-grade girls were investigated. Teachers rated subjects on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (TRS). Subjects were given several tasks measuring attentional styles and motor skills. Results suggested that hyperactive girls, like hyperactive boys, have short attention spans and poor concentration when compared with normals. Unlike hyperactive boys, hyperactive girls did not show an impulsive response style, and presented few conduct problems to their teachers. TRS profile patterns of the hyperactive girls were similar to those of hyperactive boys, but cutoff scores currently used for males may not be applicable to females. A direct comparison of hyperactive females and males is advocated.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

Microscopical studies of necrotising scleritis. I. Cellular aspects.

Light and electron microscopy were used to examine tissue excised during surgery from eight patients with advanced destructive scleral disease. These comprised two cases of scleromalacia perforans, three cases of anterior necrotising scleritis alone or in conjunction with other systemic diseases, and three cases in which scleritis developed following ocular surgery. It was not possible to distinguish between these three categories by histological or cytopathological criteria. All showed extensive granulomatous infiltration of the conjunctiva, episclera, and sclera by plasma cells and lymphocytes. Mast cells were abundant throughout these inflamed tissues. Examination of scleral stroma from sites in advance of the granuloma revealed active fibroblastic cells in the absence of other inflammatory cells. Fibroblastic transformation of scleral cells may be one of the earliest events in scleral degradation during necrotising disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Microscopical studies of necrotising scleritis. II. Collagen degradation in the scleral stroma.

Electron microscopy of tissue excised during surgery in eight cases of advanced anterior necrotising scleritis showed degradation of collagen in the scleral stroma by both intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. In the first of these mechanisms cells resembling active fibroblasts and macrophages were observed in the process of phagocytosis of collagen fibrils into vacuoles associated with dense cytoplasmic granules. In the second mechanism collagen fibrils in large areas of the scleral stroma appeared swollen and unravelled, or completely solubilised, without close association with stromal cells. Both activation and degeneration of stromal fibrocytes were evident in zones of extracellular fibril degradation. These changes appeared to take place prior to invasion of the stroma by cells of the granuloma.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Self-consciousness, self-esteem, and success-failure as determinants of alcohol consumption in male social drinkers.

An experiment was conducted to test the proposition that alcohol is consumed as a function of the quality of past performances and the individual's level of private self-consciousness. One hundred and twenty male subjects were randomly given success or failure feedback on an intellectual task. They then participated in a separate "wine-tasting" experiment in which they were allowed to regulate alcohol consumption. As predicted, high self-conscious subjects who had received failure feedback drank significantly more wine than did high self-conscious subjects who received success feedback. Consumption by low self-conscious subjects fell between these extremes and did not vary as a function of success and failure. Additional data indicated that these results were mediated by differential sensitivity to the positive or negative implications of success/failure by high and low self-conscious subjects. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for theoretical accounts of the psychological antecedents of alcohol consumption.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

Attentional deficits with and without hyperactivity: teacher and peer perceptions.

The present study assessed teacher and peer perceptions of boys classified according to DSM-III criteria for Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity (ADH) and Attention Deficit without Hyperactivity (AD). Teachers completed SNAP checklists (Pelham, Note 1) on all boys in their classrooms (219 boys). Twelve percent fit ADH criteria; less than 5% fit AD criteria. Teacher perceptions were assessed with the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. ADH and AD groups did not differ on the Inattention factor, although the AD group was rated significantly lower than the ADH group on Conduct Problems and Hyperactivity. These profiles were expected on the basis of DSM-III descriptions of ADH and AD; the ADH group seemed to resemble previous research samples of hyperactive children. Classroom peer perceptions, assessed with like-dislike nominations, did not discriminate between diagnostic groups. Both groups were perceived more negatively than the Comparison group, suggesting that both groups are "at risk."

Attention↗
PubMed1982

Light and electron microscopy of corneal melting syndrome (Mooren's ulcer).

Three patients with corneal melting syndrome of Mooren are described all of whom required lamellar grafting for perforation of the cornea. All these grafts subsequently failed. Tissue excised during grafting was studied by light and electron microscopy. In all cases the conjunctiva contained large numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells. The limbal cornea showed 3 distinct zones: the deep stroma was intact but contained a prominent macrophage infiltrate; in the mid stroma marked hyperactivity of fibroblastic cells was associated with disorganisation of the corneal lamellae; the outer stroma was heavily vascularised and infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells, with destruction of the collagen matrix. At the advancing, undermined edge of the corneal ulcer the deep stroma was undisturbed, but in the superficial layers accumulation of fibroblastic cells and destruction of collagen was observed. No other cell types were found. All the failed grafts contained fibroblasts which appeared highly active, surrounded by disorganised collagen fibrils. In these patients destruction of both host and graft corneal stroma apparently resulted from the activity of fibroblastic cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A self-concept measure for preschool and early primary grade children.

The article describes the development of the Preschool and Primary Self-Concept scale. Subjects of the standardization sample were 109 boys and 127 girls, ages 4 to 9, enrolled in preschool and primary educational programs. Boys described themselves as significantly stronger O and bigger than girls. Girls described themselves as significantly more go d than boys. Older children described themselves as significantly more active than younger children. Factor analysis of the scale revealed an evaluative and gender dimension. Subjects of the validation study were 46 first graders. Satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated with the multitrait-multimethod technique.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Peer popularity and peer communication patterns: hyperactive versus active but normal boys.

Classroom peer perceptions of 18 teacher-nominated hyperactive and 18 teacher-nominated active but normal elementary school-age boys, as revealed in two sociometric measures (Bower's Class Play, like-dislike nomination), were compared. Results indicated that hyperactives were significantly different from actives on all sociometric measures in that they were perceived more negatively. Peer communication patterns also were assessed. The communicative content, communicative quality, and attention to task instructions of hyperactive boys were compared to those of comparison boys. Limited support was found for the earlier finding that hyperactive boys were less likely than comparison boys to modulate behavior in response to changing external cues and to respond to subtle social learning opportunities. The communication task was found to be highly engaging for both groups of boys, and results suggest that hyperactive children may not lack the interpersonal skills necessary for referential communication, although they may be unable to use them consistently in all settings. The need to continue the study of peer relations of hyperactive children in naturalistic settings is stressed.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1981

Intergroup contact and social outcomes for mainstreamed EMR adolescents.

The prediction of the contact hypothesis, that contact between nonretarded and EMR adolescents would result in the EMR adolescents being viewed as more competent, likeable, and socially acceptable, was examined. Subjects were 26 mainstreamed EMR adolescents. Likeability, competency, and acceptability scores were computed for each subject on the basis of responses by nonretarded (n = 382) and EMR classmates (n = 56) to a survey questionnaire. Intergroup contact did not significantly modify the attitudes of nonretarded classmates toward the EMR subjects, who were viewed as significantly more competent, likeable, and socially acceptable by EMR classmates in the special class than by nonretarded classmates in the mainstream class.

Adolescent↗