Attracting an expert, or what nurse leaders look for in academic jobs.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
R D Froman
Publications and source records attributed to R D Froman.
Assessing the credibility of a clinical ladder review process: an interrater reliability study.
Clinical ladders are common means of establishing and maintaining practice-based systems that differentiate levels of professional nursing practice. The implementation of an effective clinical ladder review system assumes the process is objective, replicable, and fair. This project describes the assessment of one clinical ladder review system.
Career Mobility↗
A national survey of neonatal intensive-care units: criteria used to determine readiness for oral feedings.
OBJECTIVE: To describe criteria used to determine readiness for oral feedings in stable, preterm infants. DESIGN: A 25-item survey questionnaire was mailed to hospitals having level II or level III NICUs. SETTING: Nurseries identified in the 1987 National Perinatal Directory (576 in all) as level II or level III NICUs. PARTICIPANTS: Head nurses (HN) and staff nurses (SN) at 420 hospitals comprised 73% of the sample surveyed. PROCEDURES: Survey items were predominantly multiple choice and included an "other" option to encourage comments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondents described clinical practice in their nurseries relative to feeding policies, use of traditional decision criteria, or behavioral cues and related interventions. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than 50% of nurseries identified a specific feeding policy for the initiation of oral feedings. Seventy-five percent used either gestational age or weight criteria in deciding when to start oral feedings. Eighty-six percent considered infant behavior as well when determining feeding readiness. Findings suggest an emerging emphasis on infant behavioral cues in addition to gestational age and weight criteria when making feeding decisions.
Clinical Protocols↗
Teaching reliability and validity: fun with classroom applications.
In addition to the basic role of educating and facilitating learning, in recent years, staff development educators and continuing educators also have assumed a major role of facilitating research in many institutions. As more emphasis is placed on bedside research, stimulating staff interest has been a challenge. This article describes a fun way to help staff members acquire or refocus on skills and concepts essential to clinical research.
Data Collection↗
Rethinking the use of the Hogan Empathy Scale: a critical psychometric analysis.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to study the stability internal consistency factor structure, and convergent and discriminate validity of the Hogan Empathy Scale (EM) when used longitudinally with occupational therapy students. METHOD: More than 300 occupational therapy students completed the EM once; 192 completed it twice over a 12-month interval; and 56 completed a third administration at intervals ranging from 3 years to 6 years. The Fieldwork Performance Evaluation (FWPE) was rated twice for students after fieldwork rotations in the occupational therapy program. Data on grade-point average, gender, and age were collected. RESULTS: Stability was estimated at .41 over a 12-month interval and from .30 to .38 over longer intervals. Internal consistency was estimated at .57, and factor structures hypothesized previously were not replicable. Students' biographical variables explained only trivial amounts of variance in EM scores in regression equations (R = .08 and .21). Correlations between EM and FWPE scores did not support convergent validity (r = -. 01-.18). CONCLUSION: The reliability estimates for the EM as a measure of a trait-like construct are not encouraging and do not replicate previous estimates. Validity evidence was equally disappointing, raising questions about what the EM is measuring and cautioning against its continued, uncritical use as a measure of empathy.
Empathy↗
Instrument development: cardiac diet and exercise self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy has been documented as a strong predictor of health behaviors. Unfortunately, availability of reliable and valid measures of self-efficacy for a range of health behaviors is still limited. This study validated two measures of cardiac risk factor self-efficacy: the Cardiac Diet Self-Efficacy Instrument (CDSEI) and the Cardiac Exercise Self-Efficacy Instrument (CESEI). A sample of 370 cardiac rehabilitation participants provided data for principal factor analyses showing the unidimensionality of each instrument. Known groups construct validity was supported by a comparison of CDSEI and CESEI scores for cardiac rehabilitation participants and marathon runners. The value of CDSEI and CESEI scores in predicting subsequent exercise and diet performance was demonstrated with a third group of cardiac rehabilitation participants. Stability and internal consistency estimates in the .80s and .90s, respectively, support the scales' reliabilities.
Adult↗
Replacing negatives with positives.
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Adolescent↗
A comparative assessment of interactive videodisc instruction.
A counter-balanced design was used to compare student knowledge and self-efficacy following interactive videodisc (IVD) and traditional instruction on intravenous therapy procedures. Students were assigned randomly to treatment groups receiving either IVD instruction followed by traditional lecture or lecture followed by IVD. Subjects were pretested before any instruction and post-tested after each type of instruction to provide three repeated measures for both knowledge and self-efficacy. While both types of instruction produced significant gains over baseline observation, neither method, when used by itself, was clearly superior. Combining both methods, regardless of sequence, was associated with maintained or enhanced knowledge and self-efficacy scores. Traditional-lecture presentation first, followed by IVD instruction, produced the largest gains in self-efficacy for applying intravenous procedures in nursing practice.
Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
Isopropyl pad use in neonatal intensive care units.
OBJECTIVES: Isopropyl pads (IPs) are commonly used to cleanse skin. This traditional practice is benign when applied to adults, however, its efficacy and safety when used for health-compromised neonates is questionable. This research explores the extent of IP use in 114 infants in neonatal intensive care units and identifies characteristics associated with IP use. STUDY DESIGN: A descriptive design, with data collected at two different sites over multiple observation periods, was used. RESULTS: Generally low IP to skin use was found, with most babies being exposed to one to two pads per 8 hours. Some babies, most frequently the lowest weight, most premature, and health compromised babies, had exposure to as many as eight pads per 8 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Because the smallest, most vulnerable neonates are those most exposed to the highest levels of isopropyl alcohol on the skin, conscious attention needs be paid to IP use to avoid or eliminate unnecessary exposure to the potentially toxic substance.
2-Propanol↗