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Biomedical subjects

R D Crosby

Publications and source records attributed to R D Crosby.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Hedonics of binge eating in women with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Potential differences in the hedonics of binge eating between female subjects with bulimia nervosa (BN) and female subjects with binge eating disorder (BED) were examined. METHOD: Women seeking treatment for BN (N = 29) and BED (N = 49) completed the Eating Hedonics Questionnaire. RESULTS: Subjects in both groups reported similar precipitants and levels of distress associated with binge eating. Of interest, BED subjects were more likely to report that they enjoyed the food, the taste of the food, the smell and the texture of the food while binge eating. In addition, the BED group reported more relaxation and less physical discomfort and anxiety as a consequence of binge eating compared to the BN group. DISCUSSION: There are interesting and potentially important differences between individuals with BN and BED in the cognitions and behaviors associated with binge eating.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Eating disorders and psychiatric disorders in the first-degree relatives of obese probands with binge eating disorder and obese non-binge eating disorder controls.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of the present study were to examine the possibility of a familial tendency for binge eating disorder (BED) among the obese, to clarify the relationship between BED and other eating disorders, and to test the relationship between BED and other psychiatric disorders. METHOD: We studied 32 female BED outpatients and 23 obese females without BED. A possible history of eating disorders was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Eating Disorders section administered by telephone interview. Family history information for other psychiatric disorders was collected using the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria RESULTS: The frequency of all eating disorders and the risk for other psychiatric disorders were not significantly different between the relatives of the two groups. These results were consistent across generation and gender. DISCUSSION: This study failed to show a familial tendency for BED, or any significant familial relationship between BED and other eating disorders, and did not support the hypothesis of coaggregation of other psychiatric disorders with BED.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The neglected link between eating disturbances and aggressive behavior in girls.

OBJECTIVES: Research has linked eating disturbances with behavioral impulsivity. Little is known, however, about whether eating disturbances and aggressive behavior have a tendency to co-occur in the same girls. This article assesses the eating disturbance-aggressive behavior association and then examines the extent to which these factors confer a risk on drug use and attempted suicide. METHOD: Survey data were gathered from 3,630 girls in grades 6 through 12 in the upper Midwest. Girls responded anonymously to questions regarding binge eating and purging, dietary restriction, aggressive behavior, drug use, and attempted suicide. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the unique contribution of demographic variables, eating disturbances, and aggression on drug use and attempted suicide. RESULTS: Eating disturbances were significantly associated with aggressive behavior. Girls who endorsed binge eating and purging or dietary restriction had odds of aggressive behavior 2 to 4 times higher than girls who did not endorse these items. Logistic regression revealed that eating disturbances and aggressive behavior were significantly associated with both drug use and attempted suicide. CONCLUSIONS: Eating disturbances are significantly associated with aggressive conduct in adolescent girls. The constellation of eating disturbances and aggressive behavior is associated with a greater risk of drug use and attempted suicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Feeding laboratory studies in patients with eating disorders: a review.

OBJECTIVE: The authors review the available literature on feeding lab studies in individuals with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. METHOD: Studies were grouped by the research groups which have conducted such studies since these studies have tended to cluster in certain research settings, using specific methodologies at each sites. RESULTS: The results of this review indicate that although there are several inherent limitations in this type of research, various groups of investigators have demonstrated that eating disorder patients will engage in pathological eating behaviors in structured laboratory settings and that results can be obtained fairly consistently. Also interesting clinically significant differences have emerged across groups. Subtle differences in technique, such as the instructions regarding eating behavior, probably result in different behavioral responses. DISCUSSION: Feeding laboratory studies provide useful information that can validate, suggest, or challenge established clinical assumptions and diagnostic criteria. However, there are limitations to these methodologies.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1998

Caffeine withdrawal in normal school-age children.

OBJECTIVE: Caffeine is widely consumed by children around the world. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children manifest withdrawal effects after cessation of caffeine intake. METHOD: Thirty normal children completed the single-blind, within-subjects, repeated-measures study with weekly sessions. Subjects were tested four times: (1) baseline (on regular caffeine diet); (2) on caffeine (approximately 120 to 145 mg/day); (3) during withdrawal (24 hours after discontinuation of caffeine taken for 13 consecutive days); and (4) at return to baseline. Subjects were evaluated with self-report measures of symptoms and objective measures of attention, motor performance, processing speed, and memory. RESULTS: During caffeine withdrawal, there was a significant deterioration on response time of a visual continuous performance test of attention. This finding is consistent with caffeine withdrawal. The deterioration in response time appeared to persist for 1 week. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-four hours after children discontinued caffeine, there was a decrease in performance on reaction time of a task requiring sustained attention. Further work is indicated to determine whether children manifest caffeine withdrawal effects after cessation of caffeine intake.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Substance use and abuse among patients with comorbid dysthymia and substance disorder.

This study determines the substance use and abuse patterns among patients with comorbid substance-related disorder (SRD) and dysthymia in SRD-dysthymia as compared with patients with SRD only. Differences in use and abuse patterns could be useful for (a) understanding motivations for use, such as self-treatment, and (b) assisting clinicians to identify cases of dysthymia among SRD patients. Retrospective and current data were obtained regarding history of substance use and current SRD diagnoses. Two university medical centers with alcohol-drug programs located within departments of psychiatry were the settings. A total of 642 patients was assessed. of whom 39 had SRD-dysthymia and 308 had SRD only. Data on past usc were collected by a research associate using a questionnaire. Current SRD and dysthymia diagnoses were made by psychiatrists specializing in addiction. The patients with SRD-dysthymia and SRD only did not differ with regard to use of alcohol, tobacco, and benzodiazepines. The patients with SRD-dysthymia started caffeine use at an earlier age, had shorter "use careers" of cocaine, amphetamines, and opiates, and had fewer days of cocaine and cannabis use in the last year. They also had a lower rate of cannabis abuse/dependence. This study indicated that patients with dysthymia and SRD have exposure to most substances of abuse that is comparable to patients with SRD only. However, they selectively use certain substances less often than patients with SRD only. Early use of caffeine may reflect self-treatment for depressive symptoms among patients with SRD-dysthymia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A comparison of onset of binge eating versus dieting in the development of bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: This study further investigates the hypothesis that dieting is the precursor to the development of binge eating. METHOD: The temporal relationship of onset of binge eating and dieting is examined from retrospective self-reports collected at baseline from women participating in two bulimia nervosa (BN) treatment studies (N = 221). Twenty women were identified who reported binge eating prior to the onset of dieting ("binged first," BF). For comparison, 20 similar age individuals reporting dieting onset preceding that of binge eating ("dieted first," DF) were selected. RESULTS: A subset of women (8.8%) seeking treatment for BN endorsed the development of binge eating prior to dieting onset. The BF pattern of BN development was associated with earlier age of onset of binge eating, later onset of purging, increased desired weight, and increased actual weight. Binge eating prior to dieting onset was also associated with improved response to group cognitive-behavioral treatment at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support for the hypothesis that dieting is a risk factor, but not necessarily a precursor, to the development of binge eating in BN. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Serum electrolytes as markers of vomiting in bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with bulimia nervosa often have serum electrolyte abnormalities that result from vomiting and/or laxative or diuretic use. Thus, serum electrolytes could serve as an objective marker of such behaviors. METHOD: This study is a retrospective examination of serum electrolyte levels and vomiting behavior in 138 bulimic women, and of serum electrolyte levels in 70 control women. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that only potassium values distinguished bulimic subjects from controls. Potassium levels below the lower limit of normal (3.7 mg/l) occurred only in the bulimic group. DISCUSSION: Abnormally low values for potassium are a specific, but not sensitive, predictor of recent vomiting episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A randomized double-blind study of carbamazepine in the treatment of cocaine abuse.

A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose outpatient study of carbamazepine (400 mg and 800 mg) in the treatment of cocaine dependence was performed. Data were analyzed with respect to both treatment condition and carbamazepine serum levels. Outcome variables included subject retention, cocaine urinalysis, self-reported cocaine use, cocaine craving, patient and clinical global impressions, the Drug Impairment Rating Scale for Cocaine, and side effects. Compared with placebo, the 400 mg treatment condition exhibited a greater decrease in the rate of positive cocaine urinalyses and a reduction in intensity and duration of craving over the course of the study. Higher serum carbamazepine levels were associated with a lower rate of positive cocaine urinalysis, fewer days of self-reported cocaine use, briefer craving episodes, and greater subject interval retention. The clinical and methodologic implications of these findings and of the study design are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

School-based secondary prevention for children with disruptive behavior: initial outcomes.

First through fourth graders from 22 suburban elementary schools were screened for cross-setting disruptive behavior as eligibility criteria for participation in a longitudinal secondary prevention study aimed at reducing the risk for serious externalizing behavioral disorders. Three hundred nine subjects participated in either a multicomponent competence enhancement intervention (MCEI) or an information/attention control (IAC) condition over a 2-year period. Following baseline requirements, initial intervention effects were assessed at the end of intervention Year 1, at the beginning of intervention Year 2 (fall of the next school year), and at the end of intervention Year 2. Multisource assessments were not supportive of the efficacy of the MCEI over the IAC condition. Children in both groups rated themselves as improved over time in terms of increased adaptive skills and decreased school problems and internalizing symptoms. Teacher and parent ratings of externalizing behavior did not yield evidence of positive change, but teachers noted improved problem solving and observers noted a decrease in behavioral interference in both groups over time, possibly as a result of maturation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Somatic symptoms in anxious-depressed school refusers.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most common physical complaints in a sample of adolescent school refusers with comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders. Whether somatic symptoms are more likely to be associated with high levels of anxiety or high levels of depression was also explored. METHOD: Forty-four adolescents in a treatment study were evaluated at baseline with structured psychiatric interviews and measures of anxiety, depression, and somatization. RESULTS: The most common somatic complaints were in the autonomic and gastrointestinal categories. In simple regression analyses, anxiety level as measured with the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and depression level as measured with the Beck Depression Inventory each significantly predicted the severity of somatic symptoms. The correlation between percentage of days absent from school and severity of somatic symptoms approached significance (r = .27, p = .074). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge that somatic complaints are commonly an expression of underlying anxiety and depression may facilitate more rapid referral for psychiatric assessment and treatment and thereby help avoid unnecessary medical workups and sequelae from school refusal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Luteinizing hormone pulse characteristics in depressed women.

OBJECTIVE: Luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse characteristics in depressed and normal women were compared to determine whether hypothalamic dysregulation in depression extends to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. METHOD: The subjects were 10 depressed and 13 normal comparison women admitted to a clinical research center. For each woman, an intravenous line was started and blood was withdrawn every 10 minutes for 8 hours. Blood samples were assayed for LH and LH pulse characteristics determined by using the computerized cluster algorithm of Veldhuis and Johnson. RESULTS: The depressed women differed significantly from the comparison women in LH pulse amplitude, rhythmicity, and area under the curve. CONCLUSIONS: Major depressive disorder is associated with abnormal regulation of luteinizing hormone. Gonadotropin regulation may provide a hormonal link between major depressive disorder and impaired fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Convergent and criterion-related validity of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Parent Rating Scale.

Examined aspects of the validity of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992) Parent Rating Scale (BASC-PRS) in 156 children with cross-setting disruptive behavior. The BASC-PRS is a recently published multidimensional measure composed of conceptually derived scales created for use in conjunction with psychiatric and educational classification systems. Convergent validity was assessed through correlations of BASC-PRS scale scores with scale scores on the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 (CBCL/4-18; Achenbach, 1991b). Criterion-related validity was evaluated as the ability of BASC-PRS and CBCL/4-18 scales to predict membership in diagnostic groupings (no diagnosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] only, and ADHD with a comorbid externalizing disorder) derived via structured interviews based on the third, revised edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Results showed the validity of the BASC-PRS to be comparable to that of the CBCL/4-18. Given its conceptually derived scales, the BASC-PRS may prove to be a useful-tool for assessing childhood disruptive behavior.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1996

Discriminant function analysis of depressive symptoms in binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and major depression.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the frequency and distribution of depressive symptoms among subjects with binge eating disorder (BED), bulimia nervosa (BN), and major depression. METHODS: This study examined depressive symptoms from the Hamilton Depression Scale in 122 BED, 142 BN, and 200 major depression subjects using discriminant function analysis. RESULTS: All three groups differed significantly on the Hamilton Depression Scale totals with major depressive disorder (MDD) subjects having the highest and BED subjects the lowest totals. Eighteen items differentiated MDD from the eating disorder groups. Three items-gastrointestinal (GI) somatic symptoms, paranoid symptoms, and obsessional symptoms-distinguished BED and BN. In each case these symptoms were more common in BN subjects. DISCUSSION: This study attempted to differentiate BN from BED on a basis other than eating behavior. The results provide limited support for the hypothesis that BN and BED can be distinguished on the basis of depressive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Differences in body image and depression among obese women with and without binge eating disorder.

Obese individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) differ from obese non-binge eating (NBE) individuals in a number of clinically relevant ways. This study examined attitudinal responses to various measures of body image in women seeking obesity treatment, by comparing NBE participants (n = 80) to those with BED (n = 48). It was hypothesized that women with BED would demonstrate greater attitudinal disturbance of body image compared to NBE individuals. It was further hypothesized that significant differences between groups would remain after statistically controlling for degree of depression. Consistent with the primary hypothesis, BED participants reported significantly increased attitudinal disturbance in body dissatisfaction and size perception compared to NBE participants. Although shared variance was observed between measures of depression and body image on some items, several aspects of increased body image disturbance remained after statistically controlling for depression. Treatment implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Phenytoin in the treatment of cocaine abuse: a double-blind study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of phenytoin in the treatment of cocaine abuse. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient study of phenytoin in the treatment of cocaine abuse was conducted. Sixty cocaine-using subjects were randomly assigned to a daily fixed dose of 300 mg phenytoin or placebo. Forty-four subjects initiated treatment and returned for weekly visits. Primary measures of outcome included weekly quantitative and qualitative cocaine urinalysis, self-reported cocaine use, global functioning and improvement, craving intensity, and subject retention. RESULTS: Cocaine use, as measured both by weekly urinalysis and self-report, was significantly lower in the phenytoin group. The phenytoin group was also rated as significantly less impaired and more improved than the placebo group. Craving intensity was lower in the phenytoin group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Among phenytoin subjects, serum phenytoin levels above 6.0 micrograms/ml were associated with lower rates of positive cocaine urine specimens and longer cocaine-free periods. No differences were observed between groups in study retention. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that phenytoin may be useful in the treatment of cocaine abuse. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Clinical characteristics associated with binge eating in obese females: a descriptive study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in clinical characteristics of obese female participants based on presence and degree of binge eating behavior. DESIGN: Descriptive comparison of various clinical characteristics of obese women diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED) assessed by semi-structured interview to those for similar weight participants reporting subthreshold BED and those who do not binge eat. SUBJECTS. 185 healthy women seeking obesity treatment (age: 20-55 y, BMI: 28.4-51.5 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: Baseline self-report questionnaires included the Weight and Eating Patterns (QEWP), Eating Disorders Questionnaire (EDQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); clinical interviews included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Patient Version (SCID-P). RESULTS: In comparison to other obese women, obese participants meeting full BED criteria report an earlier onset of binge eating, increased food cravings, increased diet pill use, decreased fasting, greater fear of gaining weight, increased body perception disturbance, and increased depressive symptomatology and general psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Obese women with BED report greater eating-related and general psychopathology than non-binge eating disordered women of comparable weight. Although endorsement of food cravings unrelated to hunger was associated with binge eating diagnosis, the role of dietary restriction among this population remains unclear and requires further investigation. Theoretical and clinical implications that binge eating episodes for individuals with BED may be related to negative affect states and increased dietary disinhibition are discussed.

Adult↗