Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R D Cramer.
Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) has shown predictive performance and versatility that appear to be unprecedented among computer-based techniques for aiding molecular design.
Biochemical information regarding the mechanism of amide bond hydrolysis offers insight into the possible chemical groups in the enzyme active site responsible for hydrolysis. Assuming that these groups have a relatively fixed geometry in accord with their functional role, then their three-dimensional position in space can be determined if sufficient structural diversity exists within the data set of compounds with known affinities. Each compound which binds can be augmented by additional chemical groups to represent the receptor's functional groups. For each compound, the set of geometrical arrangements of these groups which would show optimal binding to the compound can be determined by systematic search. A common geometric arrangement representing the active site geometry should be present for each compound. In studies of the binding of mechanism-based inhibitors of chymotrypsin, Naruto et al. (1985) showed some movement of active site residues to accommodate different ligands. Nevertheless, this procedure found a unique active site geometry for ACE which compared favorably with that of carboxypeptidase A, an enzyme of analogous function.
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Condensation of 3,5-diacylpyrantriones with various aromatic amines gave a new class of potent, orally active, antiallergic compounds, the 3-[(arylamino)ethylidene]-5-acylpyrantriones, hereafter referred to as pyranenamines, as evaluated not only in the traditional rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay but also in the in vitro fragmented rat and primate lung assay. Potencies in the PCA system, when measured intravenously, reached a maximum ID50 of 0.9 mu/kg (1000 times more potent than disodium chromoglycate) with 5-acetyl-4-hydroxy-3-[1-[(3,5-bis-glyceramoylphenyl)amino]ethylidene]-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione (100), as predicted by structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. Potencies in the iv PCA system correlated well with potencies in the in vitro rat lung system but not with potencies in the oral PCA system or the in vitro primate lung system. Several compounds had good oral potency, and one analogue, 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-3-[1-[3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]ethylidene]-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione hydrochloride (78), reached an oral ID50 of less than 1 mg/kg and was better than 10 times more effective than disodium chromoglycate at inhibiting the release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis in the fragmented primate lung assay.
QSAR techniques played a major role in development of the antiallergic pyranenamines (I). Graphical analysis of data resulting from an unsuccessful Topliss approach suggested that increased substituent hydrophilicity might enhance potency. The 3-NHAc-4-OH derivative which first resulted was an order of magnitude more potent than any preceding series member, and its deacylated congenar is clinical candidate SK&F 78729 (R1 = -NH2, R2 - OH, R3 = H). Further pursuit of hydrophilicity and other strategies suggested by multiple regression yielded 98 pyranenamines, the most active [R1 = R3 = NHCO(CHOH)2H, R2 = H] being 1000 times more potent than any original series member.
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