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Biomedical subjects

R D Burke

Publications and source records attributed to R D Burke.

31 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Growth of Francisella spp. in rodent macrophages.

We examined the nature of the interactions between the facultative intracellular pathogens Francisella tularensis and F. novicida and rodent macrophages. Growth of F. tularensis LVS was observed in macrophage monolayers from mice, guinea pigs, or rats. In contrast, F. novicida grew in macrophages from mice and guinea pigs but not in macrophages from rats. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that both Francisella species survive within macrophage phagosomes that are unfused with lysosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Ontogeny and characterization of mesenchyme antigens of the sea urchin embryo.

A monoclonal antibody, Sp12, binds to cortical granules, the hyaline layer, and skeletogenic, chromogenic, and blastocoelar mesenchyme of sea urchin eggs and embryos. Adult urchins also express Sp12 antigens in the dermal layer of the test and spines. Antigen is expressed on the surface of primary mesenchyme cells after they have entered the blastocoel, and by two secondary mesenchyme derivatives--the blastocoelar cells after they have been released from the tip of the archenteron, and the pigment cells in prism stage embryos. Immunogold localizations show antigen on the surfaces of mesenchyme, within membrane bounded vesicles, and associated with the Golgi apparatus. Western blots of antigens immunoprecipitated from seven developmental stages reveal twelve antigens ranging in Mr from 35 k to 240 k. Most of these antigens appear, disappear or change Mr over the first five days of development. Characterizations of this complex array of antigens show that the epitope recognized by Sp12 is eliminated by proteolytic enzymes and endoglycosidase F, while immunoreactivity is only reduced by periodate oxidation. As well, calcium magnesium free seawater extracts a subset of antigens different from that retained by crude membrane preparations. It is proposed that the mesenchyme of sea urchin embryos produces a family of developmentally regulated cell surface and extracellular matrix glycoproteins which all exhibit a carbohydrate epitope recognized by Sp12.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Development of the esophageal muscles in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Development of the esophageal muscles in embryonic sea urchins is described using light- and electron microscopy. The muscles develop from processes of about 14 cells of the coelomic epithelium that become immunoreactive to anti-actin at about 60 h (12-14 degrees C). Initially, each myoblast extends a single process with numerous fine filopodia around the esophagus. By 72 h the processes have reached the midline and fused with those from cells of the contralateral coelomic sac. Myoblasts begin to migrate out of the coelomic epithelium between 72 and 84 h. By 72 h the processes stain with the F-actin specific probe NBD-phallacidin. The contractile apparatus is not evident in transmission electron-microscopic preparations of embryos at 70 h, but by 84 h the contractile apparatus is present and the muscle cells are capable of contraction. Because the myoblasts migrate free of the coelomic epithelium and are situated on the blastocoelar side of the basal lamina, it is suggested that that they should be considered as a class of mesenchymal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Polyamines and cell proliferation in the sea star Pycnopodia helianthoides.

1. Diamines (putrescine and cadaverine) and polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were extracted from tissues of the sea star Pycnopodia helianthoides, separated and quantitated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Simultaneous measurements of levels of protein and DNA and rates of incorporation of 14C-thymidine were carried out. 2. The most abundant polyamine in tissues was spermidine (0.3873-2.5282 nmol/mg tissue) followed by spermine (0.103-1.5517 nmol/mg tissue), putrescine (0.2096-0.5322 nmol/mg tissue) and cadaverine (0.022-0.6064 nmol/mg tissue). 3. An unknown molecule with derivatization and elution behaviour similar to that of polyamine standards was detected in all tissues. 4. Protein levels ranged from 20.47 mg/g tissue in the body wall to 48.44 mg/g tissue in the pyloric caecum. 5. DNA levels were lowest in the ovary (0.25 mg/g tissue) and highest in the testis (5.62 mg/g tissue). 6. Incorporation of 14C-thymidine was highest in the testis. Testicular tissue had the highest spermidine/spermine ratio (5.4). A significant correlation between the spermidine/spermine ratio and 14C-thymidine incorporation (expressed either as DPM/g tissue or DPM/mg protein) suggests that polyamines are implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation in the sea star P. helianthoides.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Migratory and invasive behavior of pigment cells in normal and animalized sea urchin embryos.

Pigment cell precursors in the vegetal plate of late mesenchyme blastulae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus begin to express a cell surface epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody SP-1/20.3.1. When one-quarter gastrulae are dissociated into ectodermal and mesenchymal fractions, most SP-1/20.3.1 immunoreactive cells separate into the mesenchymal fraction, whereas at the full gastrula and all later stages almost all epitope-bearing cells are in the ectodermal fraction. Exposure of embryos to sulfate-free seawater p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside, and tunicamycin, all of which prevent primary mesenchyme migration, does not inhibit SP-1/20.3.1 immunoreactive cells from distributing similarly to those in controls, although pigment synthesis is completely inhibited in sulfate-free conditions. Time-lapse video sequences reveal that pigment cells, and a small set of rapidly migrating, SP-1/20.3.1 immunoreactive amoeboid cells that appear in the pluteus, remain closely associated with the ectodermal epithelium during most of larval development. Transmission electron microscopy observations of plutei show pigment cells tightly apposed to the ectodermal epithelium at discontinuities in the basal lamina and sandwiched between the basal lamina and the epithelial cells. It is concluded that SP-1/20.3.1 immunoreactive mesenchymal cells invade the ectodermal epithelium and may use migratory substrates other than those used by primary mesenchymal cells.

Amoeba↗
PubMed1985

Actin-mediated retraction of the larval epidermis during metamorphosis of the sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus.

During the first 15 to 20 min of metamorphosis the larval arms are retracted and resorbed into the aboral surface of the juvenile. Arms excised from metamorphosing larvae will undergo a sequence of contraction and histolysis that is identical to that occurring in intact larvae. Prior to and during metamorphosis, epidermal cells contain bundles of 5 to 7-nm microfilaments in arrays radiating apically from the base of the cells. Sparse microfilaments also occur near the plasmalemma of epidermal cells and some mesenchymal cells in larvae fixed during metamorphosis. Contraction of excised arms is reversibly inhibited by treatment with cytochalasin B, and microfilaments bind myosin sub-fragment-1. Indirect immunofluorescence of larval arms using an antibody against chicken-muscle actin and staining with the F-actin specific probe, NDB phallacidin indicate that the arms contain actin distributed in a manner consistent with ultrastructural findings. It is proposed that retraction of the larval arms during metamorphosis is produced by an actin-mediated change in shape of the epidermal cells.

Actins↗
PubMed1985

The origin of pigment cells in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

A monoclonal antibody (SP1/20.3.1) that recognizes a cell surface epitope expressed by pigment cells in the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been produced. Using indirect immunofluorescence, the epitope is first detected in nonpigmented cells of the vegetal plate after primary mesenchyme ingression. Between the beginning of gastrulation, and when the archenteron is one-third the distance across the blastocoel, SP1/20.3.1-positive cells are free within the blastocoel, at the tip of the archenteron, and dispersed within the blastoderm. Cells at the tip of the archenteron, and mesenchyme near the tip in later stages of gastrulation (secondary mesenchyme), do not express the SP1/20.3.1 antigen. By the completion of gastrulation all SP1/20.3.1-positive cells are dispersed throughout the epidermis. It has been concluded that in S. purpuratus pigment cell precursors are released from the vegetal plate during the initial phase of gastrulation. The cells migrate first to the vegetal ectoderm, and subsequently disperse throughout the ectoderm and develop pigment granules.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Development of the larval nervous system of the sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus.

Transformation of the gastrula to the pluteus includes development of the ability of the larva to control the direction of ciliary beat and coordinate activities of the ciliary band with activities of the esophageal muscles (48-60 h, 15 degrees C). Glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence shows several cells of the animal plate to contain catecholamines in the 36-h gastrula. As the ectoderm thickens to form the ciliary band (36 48 h), the catecholamine-containing cells increase in number and occur dispersed throughout the band. Tissues with the ultrastructural characteristics of nerves first became apparent associated with the ciliary band in 60-h larvae. The coincident development of coordinated behaviour and the appearance of cells with ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of nerves suggests that the larval nervous system is derived at least in part from cells of the animal plate and develops in association with the ciliary bands.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The structure of the nervous system of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Tissues that have the ultrastructural characteristics of nervous tissues are associated with ciliary and muscular elements of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The nerve cells are found along the margins of the ciliary bands, which are composed predominantly of spindle-shaped ciliated cells. The nerve cells contribute axonal processes to a tract of axons, which runs at the base of the ciliary band throughout its length. Axonal tracts, in the esophagus, lie beneath the circumesophageal muscles. Branched microvilli, which have been interpreted as sensory receptors, are located on the oral side of the main ciliary band and connect with the nerve cells in the ciliary band. The nervous structures described here, and other tissues of the pluteus that have been previously described as nervous, are compared on the basis of their association with receptor and effector organs, and their ultrastructural characteristics.

Cilia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of the neuropeptide SALMFamide-1 from starfish using a new antiserum.

We have raised antisera in rabbits to a conjugate of thyroglobulin and Lys-Tyr-Ser-Ala-Leu-Met-Phe-NH2 (KYSALMFamide), a synthetic analog of the starfish neuropeptide S1 (Gly-Phe-Asn-Ser-Ala-Leu-Met- Phe-NH2). The sensitivity and specificity of two antisera (BL and SL) for S1 were established by testing the ability of S1 and structurally related peptides (SALMFamide-2 and various FMRFamide-related peptides) to displace iodinated KYSALMFamide from the serum antibodies in an RIA. Both antisera are sensitive to femtomolar amounts of S1. BL is highly specific for S1 but SL is not, since it is also able to detect femtomolar amounts of the FMRFamide-related peptides. We have used the BL antiserum in the RIA to monitor the purification of S1 immunoreactivity from radial nerve cord extracts of both Asterias rubens and Pycnopodia helianthoides. The partial amino acid sequence GFNSALM was obtained from automated Edman degradation sequencing of pure immunoreactive peaks from both species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗