Mn(2)(CO)(6)(mu-CO)(mu-S(2)): the simplest disulfide of manganese carbonyl.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
R D Adams
Publications and source records attributed to R D Adams.
New route to dehydroannulenes by coupling linear polyynes using ruthenium carbonyl.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Journal Article↗
Negative myoclonus in posthypoxic patients: historical note.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Electroencephalography↗
Indenter head area and testing frequency effects on posteroanterior lumbar stiffness and subjects' rated comfort.
Although several mechanical devices have been developed to objectively assess posteroanterior (PA) stiffness of the lumbar spine, no standardized testing protocol has been adopted. Two factors that may vary across protocols, and that effect measured stiffness and the comfort of the test subject, are the size of the indenter head used to apply the PA pressure, and indenting frequency. Three variables; PA stiffness, defined as the slope of the stiffness curve (K), the displacement of the indenter at 30N (D30), and rating of perceived comfort, were measured in 36 subjects asymptomatic for low back pain. For each subject nine tests were conducted, using three different indenter head sizes (300mm(2), 720mm(2)and 1564mm(2)) at each of three different testing frequencies (0.25 Hz, 0.5 Hz and 2 Hz). Machine testing with a large indenter head produced a lower K value, an increased D30 value and higher perceived comfort, while a fast testing frequency produced a higher K value and a lower D30 value. An indenter size by frequency interaction showed small indenter heads to be least comfortable at slow speed. The differences found suggest that the indenter head size and the testing frequency should be standardized during mechanical spinal stiffness testing.
Acute Disease↗
A novel clinical evaluation of childhood incontinence and urinary urgency.
PURPOSE: There are few clinic based objective tools for the evaluation of urinary urgency and incontinence in children. We report on the known method of frequency volume chart, and describe 2 new tools to determine their effectiveness and reliability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mean and standard deviation values for affected children in each age group from 5 to 12 years were calculated from 321 consecutive frequency volume charts. Two new child-based scoring tools quantifying urinary urgency were developed to measure the sensation of urgency and the intensity of response at urge (visual analog score 1 and 2). These tools were tested for reliability. As the quantification of incontinence is problematic in children, a new system of documenting functional severity of leakage per day was designed (Dry Pie) and also tested for reliability. RESULTS: Age related mean bladder storage volumes and standard deviations were established for children with incontinence. The novel urgency visual analog measure proved reliable, although only scale 2 would be useful in clinical practice. The incontinence Dry Pie diary was also shown to be reliable for 2 weeks and easily completed at home by the children. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of this study clinic based intervention can include reliable quantification of urinary urgency (visual analog scale 2) and a functional measure of the severity of incontinence (Dry Pie).
Child↗
A pilot study of the home application of transcutaneous neuromodulation in children with urgency or urge incontinence.
PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy of transcutaneous neuromodulation to treat urinary urgency and urge incontinence in children with nonneurological bladder dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surface neuromodulation was delivered via skin electrodes away from the genital region for a short duration daily on a home treatment basis. Clinical outcome was measured by 3 tools previously tested for reliability including the frequency volume chart, urgency visual analog scale and accident diary ("Dry Pie"). RESULTS: After at least 1 month of application dryness had improved in 73.3% of children, mean urgency score had improved to equate action at urge as being 'easy to hold on' and there was a significant increase in mean voided volume. CONCLUSIONS: Initial evaluation of the home application of surface neuromodulation in children with urgency and/or urge incontinence revealed positive results and warrants a randomized controlled investigation. The finding that children were not completely dry with this treatment in isolation suggests that further study is needed to identify optimal treatment duration and stimulus intensity.
Child↗
Neurology and psychiatry: closing the great divide.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Humans↗
Acute angles of head-up tilt do not affect forearm and hand volume.
Physiotherapists utilise the effect of gravity in treatment of conditions associated with increased limb volume. In contrast with knowledge about the relationship between body position and lower limb volume, the effect of body position on arm volume is not well understood. To assess the efficacy of a simple intervention proposed for patients to reduce arm volume during sleep, this study investigated the effects on forearm and hand volume of two hours of head-up tilt in supine at three angles of 8, 11 and 14 degrees. Six asymptomatic subjects were measured at each tilt angle over a three-week period. Data indicated that no angle of head-up lying over a two-hour period was associated with any significant reduction in upper limb volume.
Adolescent↗
Catalytic macrocyclizations of thietanes and thiiranes by metal carbonyl complexes.
This Account summarizes our recent studies of the catalytic transformations of thietanes and thiiranes by metal carbonyl complexes of the third row of the transition elements. The goal of the work has been to prepare polythioether macrocycles (thiacrowns) catalytically. This has been achieved with high success for certain thietane reactions. Thiiranes, on the other hand, tend to yield macrocyclic polydisulfides, but it has recently been found that these reactions can be redirected toward the thiacrown products by using certain alkyne carboxylates as cocatalysts. Vinylthiiranes are transformed into 3,6-dihydro-1,2-dithiins catalytically in excellent yield via W(CO)(5)(vinylthiirane) complexes.
Catalysis↗
Relationships among age-associated strength changes and physical activity level, limb dominance, and muscle group in women.
This study investigated the magnitude and rate of age-associated strength reductions in Australian independent urban-dwelling women and the relationship to muscle groups, limb dominance, and physical activity level. Independent urban-dwelling women aged 20 to 89 years (N = 217) performed maximal voluntary contractions with the dominant and nondominant knee extensors, plantar flexors, and handgrip. Anthropometric measurements were made and questionnaire responses used to obtain current physical activity levels. Trend analysis within analysis of variance and regression analysis on strength was performed. Limb muscle strength was found to be associated with increased age, muscle group, limb dominance, and activity. Self-reported physical activity levels declined with age but women who were more physically active for their age group were stronger in all muscle groups and had more lean body mass and lean thigh and leg cross-sectional area than relatively inactive women. Slopes of the linear reductions of maximal voluntary strength of the knee extensors, plantar flexors, and handgrip with age were significantly different (p < .05) at 9.3%, 7.4%, and 6.2% per decade, respectively. The limb muscle strength of healthy Australian independent and urban-dwelling women aged 20 to 89 years was found to be associated with age and three aspects of disuse: muscle group, relative levels of physical activity, and limb dominance.
Adult↗
Sitting balance II: reach direction and thigh support affect the contribution of the lower limbs when reaching beyond arm's length in sitting.
The effects of reach direction and extent of thigh support on the contribution of the lower limbs during seated reaching were examined. Twelve healthy subjects aged 59-79 years performed self-paced reaching forwards and diagonally to both sides and under three thigh support conditions. Vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) and leg muscle activity were monitored bilaterally. Reach direction affected both the magnitude of peak vertical GRF and the relative distribution of vertical GRF through the feet, demonstrating that the lower limbs work cooperatively to control the motion of the body mass. Extent of thigh support also affected the magnitude of peak vertical GRF through the feet. In addition, the EMG data confirmed the active contribution of the lower limbs when reaching beyond arm's length, with muscles in both lower limbs activated in all trials.
Aged↗
Human skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake and muscle function with aging and strength training.
This study investigated the adaptations of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ uptake, relaxation, and fiber types in young (YW) and elderly women (EW) to high-resistance training. Seventeen YW (18-32 yr) and 11 EW (64-79 yr) were assessed for 1) electrically evoked relaxation time and rate of the quadriceps femoris; and 2) maximal rates of SR Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-ATPase activity and relative fiber-type areas, analyzed from muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis. EW had significantly slower relaxation rates and times, decreased SR Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-ATPase activity, and a larger relative type I fiber area than did YW. A subgroup of 9 young (YWT) and 10 elderly women (EWT) performed 12 wk of high-resistance training (8 repetition maximum) of the quadriceps and underwent identical testing procedures pre- and posttraining. EWT significantly increased their SR Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-ATPase activity in response to training but showed no alterations in speed of relaxation or relative fiber-type areas. In YWT none of the variables was altered after resistance training. These findings suggest that 1) a reduced SR Ca2+ uptake in skeletal muscle of elderly women was partially reversed with resistance training and 2) SR Ca2+ uptake in the vastus lateralis was not the rate-limiting mechanism for the slowing of relaxation measured from electrically evoked quadriceps muscle of elderly women.
Adolescent↗
A urodynamic study of surface neuromodulation versus sham in detrusor instability and sensory urgency.
PURPOSE: We studied the effect of surface neuromodulation on cystometric pressure and volume parameters in women with detrusor instability or sensory urgency. Electrical current was delivered to the suprapubic region and third sacral foramina via a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator with sham neuromodulation control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of women with proved detrusor instability or sensory urgency were randomized to 3 surface neuromodulation groups. Volume and pressure parameters were the main outcomes of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation applied during second cystometric fill. RESULTS: Sham transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation did not alter the outcome measures. However, neuromodulation delivered across the suprapubic and sacral skin effected a reduction in mean maximum height of detrusor contraction. A current which inhibits motor activity was not superior to that which inhibits sensory perception in reducing detrusor pressure. Response in sensory urgency was poor. CONCLUSIONS: Results from our sham controlled study suggest that short-term surface neuromodulation via transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may have a role in the treatment of detrusor instability. Future studies must examine the clinical effect of long-term surface neuromodulation.
Adult↗
End-expiratory lung volume during arm and leg exercise in normal subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis.
There are no reports concerning the regulation of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and flow-volume relationships during upper limb exercise in health and disease. We studied EELV during such exercise in 22 adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and nine age-matched healthy control subjects. Subjects with CF were grouped according to the severity of their lung disease, as follows: mild = FEV1 > 80% predicted; moderate = FEV1 40 to 80% predicted, and severe = FEV1 < 40% predicted. EELV was calculated from measurements of inspiratory capacity (IC) made at each workload during an incremental arm and leg ergometer test to peak work capacity. In the control group, the decrease in EELV was significantly smaller for arm than for leg exercise at peak work (-0.13 L versus -0.53 L, p < 0.001) and for arm than for leg exercise at an equivalent submaximal ventilation (-0.13 L versus -0.46 L, p < 0.01). In the groups with moderate and severe CF, arm exercise resulted in an increase in EELV from resting levels (dynamic hyperinflation) that was not significantly different from the increase observed for leg exercise. For CF subjects there was a significant inverse relationship between FEV1 and changes in EELV from rest to peak arm exercise (r = -0.46, p < 0.05). In normal subjects, there was a difference in the EELV response for arm versus leg exercise. In CF subjects with airflow limitation, dynamic hyperinflation occurred with both forms of exercise.
Adolescent↗
Frequency-volume chart data from incontinent children.
OBJECTIVE: To establish the mean and standard deviation about the mean for voiding variables of incontinent children aged 6-11 years as measured on a frequency-volume chart (FVC), and to determine the effect of type of incontinence, gender and age on these values. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All children attending two continence clinics over a 3-year period completed a FVC as a routine part of their assessment. Voided volume and voiding interval data were collected from these charts. The mean maximum, mean minimum and overall mean voided volume and voiding interval were established for the whole group and then for each age, gender and type of incontinence. RESULTS: The voiding patterns of incontinent children were very variable and thus the standard deviation for each voiding parameter was large. Multivariate analysis showed that the only variable that affected any of these apparent storage parameters was the child's age; gender and type of incontinence did not influence bladder storage patterns. Children with day-time incontinence did not have smaller voided volumes than those with nocturnal enuresis. CONCLUSION: Both the mean and the standard deviation about the mean of all voided volumes varied widely amongst incontinent children. Only age appeared to influence trends in voided volumes. Any clinical investigation using the FVC in children should consider the high standard deviation when calculating sample size.
Age Factors↗
Evaluation of supported upper limb exercise capacity in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Physiological responses to upper limb exercise have not been well documented in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This is the first study to quantify ventilatory responses to supported incremental upper limb exercise in this patient group. Twenty-four subjects with CF, with a wide range of pulmonary impairment, and ten normal control subjects were studied. Subjects performed pulmonary function tests and incremental arm and leg exercise to peak work capacity on an arm crank and bicycle ergometer. All subjects performed less work with the arms than legs. At an equivalent oxygen consumption, ventilation was higher for arm work than leg work. This higher ventilation was achieved mainly through a higher frequency of breathing. Only CF subjects with severe pulmonary impairment (FEV1 < 40% predicted, FEF25-75% < 20% predicted) had a reduced arm work capacity compared with control subjects. At peak arm work, these subjects had a mean ventilation to maximum voluntary ventilation ratio (VE/MVV) of 106% +/- 25, while maximum heart rate was less than 80% predicted. Despite the high ventilatory requirement for arm exercise, arm work capacity was well maintained in subjects with CF until severe lung disease impaired the ability to further increase ventilation.
Adolescent↗
The epidemiology of childhood enuresis in Australia.
OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of enuresis in 5-12-year-old Australian children, to evaluate the impact of enuresis on the children and their families and to identify common methods of managing enuresis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was completed voluntarily by the parents of 2292 5-12-year-old children during attendance at electoral polling booths in Sydney, Australia. The questionnaire inquired specifically after the child's age, gender and frequency of wetting. RESULTS: From a response rate of 74%, the overall prevalence of any reported nocturnal enuresis was 18.9% and any day wetting 5.5%. The prevalence of marked nocturnal enuresis (at least weekly) and marked day wetting was 5.1% and 1.4%, respectively. Using a 10-point visual analogue scale to measure parental concern about their child's enuresis, the mean concern score was 3.1. There was a moderate but significant relationship between the frequency of enuretic episodes and the parental concern score. Of the enuretic children, 34% had consulted with a health worker. These children were 1.4 years older and wet more frequently than those enuretic children who had not sought help. The management of enuresis involved a mean of 3.9 strategies, primarily behavioural techniques administered by the family. The lowest cure rate was seen in the children who wet more frequently. Significantly more of the dry children woke spontaneously at night to void compared with the enuretic children. There was a trend towards greater spontaneous arousal in the children who wet less frequently. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that prevalence rates for day and night wetting in Australia are similar to those in previous studies reported from the northern hemisphere. Australian families did not report a high level of concern about enuresis, even in the older child. The problem was managed primarily within the family.
Attitude to Health↗
Stiffness judgments are affected by visual occlusion.
OBJECTIVE: The current protocol for judging posteroanterior (PA) spinal stiffness has been shown to provide unreliable estimates of PA stiffness. It is possible that a failure to standardize therapists' use of vision in the test protocol partly contributes to the disagreement between raters. This study sought to establish whether vision affects stiffness judgments and so needs to be standardized when judging PA stiffness. DESIGN: Perceptual study using a mechanical device to provide stiffness stimuli with physiotherapists and lay people as judges. SETTING: University psychophysics laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: Occlusion of vision via opaque goggles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of interstimulus discriminability and bias. RESULTS: Occluding vision had no effect on judges' ability to discriminate between stiffness stimuli; however, the same stimuli were judged as significantly stiffer under the visual occlusion condition. CONCLUSION: The data from this study suggest that vision needs to be controlled when using manual tests to judge PA spinal stiffness.
Analysis of Variance↗